LEGAL COMPETENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

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ISBN: 9780419230007 | 0419230009
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/21/1998

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This book covers those aspects of environmental health work which are regulated by legal principles but not found in a single statute. It will assist in understanding the operation of English law and navigating through some of its complexities.

Preface

Sources of Law

(45)

Legislation

(3)

Acts of Parliament

(1)

The Legislative Procedure

(1)

Second Reading

(1)

Committee Stage

(1)

Report Stage

(1)

Third Reading

(1)

Contents of an Act of Parliament

(4)

Layout of an Act

(1)

Parts of an Act

(1)

Side Notes

(1)

Definitions Section

(1)

Commencement

(1)

Citation of Acts of Parliament

(1)

Delegated Legislation

(6)

Types of Delegated Legislation

(1)

Statutory Instruments

(2)

Orders in Council

(1)

Bye-laws

(1)

Rules of the Supreme Court

(1)

Layout of a Statutory Instrument

(1)

Citation of Delegated Legislation

(1)

Finding Legislation

(1)

Current Law Legislation Citator

(1)

Halsbury's Statutes

(1)

Aids to Statutory Interpretation

(7)

The Literal Rule

(1)

The Golden Rule

(1)

The Mischief Rule or the Rule in Heydon's Case

(2)

The Ejusdem Generis Rule

(1)

Noscitur a Sociis

(1)

The Exclusionary Rule

(1)

Other Aids

(1)

Interpretation Acts

(1)

Judicial Precedent

(3)

Law Reports

(1)

Citation of Law Reports

(2)

The Layout of a Law Report

(1)

Finding a Law Report

(1)

When the Names are Known

(1)

When a Subject is Being Researched

(1)

The Hierarchy of the Courts

(5)

The Civil Courts

(1)

The County Court

(1)

The High Court

(1)

Queens Bench Division

(1)

Family Division

(1)

Chancery Division

(1)

The Court of Appeal (Civil Division)

(1)

House of Lords

(1)

Civil Appeals

(1)

Criminal Appeals

(1)

The Criminal Courts

(1)

The Magistrates Court

(1)

The Crown Court

(1)

The Divisional Court

(1)

The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)

(1)

The Court of Justice of the European Communities

(2)

The Court of First Instance

(1)

The European Court of Justice and Precedent

(1)

The Application of Judicial Precedent

(5)

Binding Precedent

(1)

Ratio Decidendi

(1)

Obiter Dicta

(1)

The Doctrine of Precedent and the Courts

(1)

Hierarchy of Precedent

(1)

The European Court

(1)

The House of Lords

(1)

The Court of Appeal

(1)

The High Court

(1)

The Crown Court

(1)

The Inferior Courts

(1)

European Union Law

(5)

Community Treaties

(1)

Secondary Legislation

(1)

Regulations

(1)

Directives

(1)

Decisions

(1)

Recommendations and Opinions

(1)

Finding European Legislation

(1)

Interpretation of European Legislation

(1)

European Union Case Law

(1)

The Report for the Hearing

(1)

The Opinion of the Advocate General

(1)

The Judgement of the Court

(1)

The Citation of ECJ Case Law

(1)

Other Sources of Law

(4)

Circulars and Codes of Practice

(4)

Basic Criminal Law

(21)

An Outline of Criminal Liability

(1)

The Distinction between Criminal and Civil Proceedings

(1)

Proof

(6)

The Criminal Burden of Proof

(1)

The Civil Standard of Proof

(1)

Burden on an Accused in Criminal Matters

(1)

The Burden by Implication

(2)

The Burden Expressly Applied

(1)

Criminal Liability

(8)

Actus Reus: The External or Observable Elements

(1)

Proof of Actus Reus

(1)

Omissions

(1)

The Internal Elements: Mens Rea

(1)

Intent

(2)

Recklessness

(2)

Negligence

(1)

Offences of Strict Liability

(3)

Defences to Strict Liability Offences

(3)

Powers of Entry

(48)

Entry onto Land

(2)

Common Law and Statutory Entry

(3)

Authority of Law and Authorisation

(1)

Authorisation

(2)

Authorisation for the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974

(1)

Features of the Power of Entry

(14)

Reasonable Grounds

(2)

Reasonable Times

(2)

Notice of Entry

(5)

Warrants

(6)

Content

(1)

Obtaining a Warrant

(6)

Execution and Expiry

(1)

Obstruction

(3)

Physical Element

(1)

Mental Element

(1)

Force

(1)

Trespass ab Initio

(1)

Individual Details of Powers of Entry

(20)

Animal Boarding Establishments Act 1963

(1)

Breeding of Dogs Act 1973

(1)

Breeding of Dogs Act 1991

(1)

Building Act 1984

(1)

Section 95(1)

(1)

Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960

(1)

Clean Air Act 1993

(1)

Control of Pollution Act 1974

(2)

Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976

101

(1)

Environment Act 1995

101

(1)

Food Safety Act 1990

102

(1)

Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974

103

(1)

Housing Act 1985

104

(1)

Section 54

104

(1)

Section 197

105

(1)

Section 260

105

(1)

Section 319

106

(1)

Section 340

106

(1)

Section 395

107

(1)

Section 600

108

(1)

Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982

108

(1)

Noise and Statutory Nuisance Act 1993

109

(1)

Pet Animals Act 1951

110

(1)

Prevention of Damage by Pests Act 1949

110

(1)

The Public Health Act 1936

111

(1)

Refuse Disposal (Amenity) Act 1978

112

(1)

Riding Establishments Act 1964

113

(1)

Slaughter of Poultry Act 1967

113

(1)

Slaughterhouses Act 1974

113

(1)

Zoo Licensing Act 1981

114

(1)

Investigation in the Criminal Law

115

(20)

Preparation

115

(1)

Notebooks

116

(3)

Memory Refreshing

119

(1)

Details to be Recorded

119

(3)

Inspection Sheets

122

(3)

Records Kept by the Public

125

(1)

Portable Tape Recorders

126

(2)

The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996

128

(2)

Points to Prove

130

(5)

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984

135

(28)

History

135

(1)

Application

135

(1)

Codes of Practice

136

(1)

Code B

137

(6)

Notice of Powers and Rights

139

(3)

Record of Search

142

(1)

Code C

143

(7)

Cautions

143

(2)

The Newest Caution

145

(2)

Documentation

147

(1)

Interviews

147

(3)

Principles of Investigative Interviewing

150

(5)

Interview Records

151

(1)

Conduct of Interviews

152

(2)

Interpreters

154

(1)

Code E

155

(8)

Tape Recording of Interviews

155

(1)

The Interview

156

(1)

Sealing the Tape

157

(2)

Preparation of Records of Interview

159

(1)

After the Interview

159

(1)

Complex Cases

160

(1)

Straightforward Cases

160

(3)

Statements

163

(17)

What is a Statement?

163

(1)

Witness Statements

164

(2)

Format of a Statement

166

(3)

Editing of Statements

169

(4)

Composite Statements

169

(1)

Editing Single Statements

169

(4)

Exhibits

173

(2)

Other Statements

175

(1)

Photographs

175

(5)

The Prejudicial Background

178

(2)

Enforcement Policy

180

(32)

Enforcement Styles

180

(3)

The Criminality of the Environmental Health Offence

183

(3)

Crimes and Quasi Crimes

184

(2)

Enforcement Policies

186

(2)

Discretion

188

(2)

Codes of Guidance

190

(4)

The Crown Prosecution Service

194

(2)

Evidential Sufficiency

194

(1)

The Public Interest Criteria

194

(1)

The Decision not to Prosectute

195

(1)

The Likely Penalty

195

(1)

The Offence Was Committed as a Result of a Genuine Mistake

195

(1)

If the Loss or Harm Caused Can be Described as Minor and Was the Result of a Single Incident

195

(1)

Staleness

195

(1)

The Effect on the Victim's Health

196

(1)

Old Age and Infirmity

196

(1)

The Defendant Has Put Right any Loss or Harm

196

(1)

Assessment of Formal Action

196

(1)

The Cautioning of Offenders

197

(6)

The Decision to Caution

203

(2)

Public Interest Principles

205

(1)

Cautioning Officers

205

(5)

Power to Charge for Enforcement Action

210

(1)

Benefits of Enforcement Policy

210

(2)

Statutory Notices

212

(44)

Regulatory Options

212

(1)

Pre-Formal Enforcement Action Procedures

213

(3)

Who May Receive a Notice

216

(5)

Public Health Act 1936 and Building Act 1984

216

(1)

Housing Act 1985

217

(1)

Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996

218

(1)

The Deferred Action Notice

219

(1)

Environmental Protection Act 1990

220

(1)

Food Safety Act 1990

220

(1)

Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

221

(1)

Service on Persons other than Individuals

221

(3)

Notices and Copies

224

(1)

Identifying the Recipient

224

(2)

Her Majesty's Land Registry

226

(3)

The Form of the Register

228

(1)

The Property Register

228

(1)

The Proprietorship Register

229

(1)

The Charges Register

229

(1)

Land and Charge Certificates

229

(1)

Companies

229

(2)

Service where the Recipient Cannot be Found

231

(1)

Format of a Notice

231

(10)

English

232

(1)

Compliance with Relevant Statute

233

(8)

The Appropriate Use of All Investigative Options

241

(1)

Conflicts on the Face of the Notice

242

(2)

Use of Schedules

244

(1)

Time Period

245

(3)

Adequate Authority

248

(2)

Service of Notices

250

(4)

Key Points in the Drafting of Notices

254

(2)

Pathway of a case to court

256

(16)

File Preparation

256

(2)

Information and Summons

258

(1)

The Prosecution Option

258

(1)

Laying Information

258

(1)

Time Period for Procedings

259

(3)

Duplicity

262

(2)

Summons

264

(1)

Complaint

264

(8)

Court Proceedings

272

(39)

Conducting Proceedings

272

(1)

Criminal Procedure

273

(1)

Summary Offences

273

(1)

Indictable Offences

274

(1)

Offences Triable Either Way

274

(1)

Summary Trial

274

(2)

Magistrates Courts

274

(1)

Magistrates

275

(1)

Offences

275

(1)

Before the Hearing

276

(1)

The Hearing

277

(4)

Preliminaries

277

(1)

Identification

278

(1)

The Plea-Guilty

278

(3)

The Plea-Not Guilty

281

(1)

Pre-Trial Review

281

(1)

The Trial

281

(5)

Witnesses

281

(1)

Opening Remarks

281

(1)

Examination in Chief

282

(1)

Cross-Examination

283

(1)

Re-examination

284

(1)

No Case to Answer

285

(1)

Defence

285

(1)

Closing Speech

286

(1)

Giving Evidence

286

(4)

Preparation

286

(1)

Before the Hearing

287

(1)

When in the Box

287

(1)

Swearing

287

(1)

Giving Evidence

288

(2)

The Plea-The Unacceptable Guilty Plea

290

(2)

The Newton Hearing

290

(2)

Decision and Sentence

292

(1)

The Decision

292

(1)

Mitigation

292

(1)

Trial on Indictment

293

(1)

Jury Selection

294

(1)

Penalties of the Court

294

(2)

Imprisonment

294

(1)

Fines

295

(1)

Discount for a Guilty Plea

295

(1)

Costs

296

(2)

Disqualification of Directors

298

(2)

Compensation Orders

300

(2)

Tribunals

302

(1)

History

303

(1)

Industrial Tribunals

303

(8)

Composition

303

(1)

The Industrial Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) Regulations 1993

304

(1)

Appeals

304

(1)

Procedure

305

(3)

Procedure at the Hearing

308

(1)

Costs

309

(2)

Appendix A Table of Cases

311

(5)

Appendix B Table of Statutes

316

(3)

Appendix C Table of Statutory Instruments

319

(2)

Index

321

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LEGAL COMPETENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials