Lex and Yacc

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ISBN: 9781565920002 | 1565920007
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/1/1992

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This book shows you how to use two Unix utilities,lexandyacc,in program development. These tools help programmers build compilers and interpreters, but they also have a wider range of applications.The second edition contains completely revised tutorial sections for novice users and reference sections for advanced users. This edition is twice the size of the first and has an expanded index.The following material has been added: Each utility is explained in a chapter that covers basic usage and simple, stand-alone applications How to implement a full SQL grammar, with full sample code Major MS-DOS and Unix versions oflexandyaccare explored in depth, including AT&Tlexandyacc, Berkeleyyacc, Berkeley/GNU Flex, GNU Bison, MKSlexandyacc, and Abraxas PCYACC

Preface

xvii

(1)

What's New in the Second Edition

xvii

(1)

Scope of This Book

xviii

(2)

Availability of Lex and Yacc

(1)

Sample Programs

(1)

Conventions Used in This Handbook

xxi

(1)

Acknowledgments

xxii

1: Lex and Yacc

(26)

The Simplest Lex Program

(1)

Recognizing Words with Lex

(10)

Symbol Tables

(4)

Grammars

(8)

Parser-Lexer Communication

(1)

The Parts of Speech Lexer

(2)

A Yacc Parser

(1)

The Rules Section

(3)

Running Lex and Yacc

(1)

Lex vs. Hand-written Lexers

(3)

Exercises

(2)

2: Using Lex

(24)

Regular Expressions

(4)

Examples of Regular Expressions

(2)

A Word Counting Program

(6)

Parsing a Command Line

(7)

Start States

(3)

A C Source Code Analyzer

(3)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

3: Using Yacc

(30)

Grammars

(2)

Recursive Rules

(1)

Shift/Reduce Parsing

(3)

What Yacc Cannot Parse

(1)

A Yacc Parser

(2)

The Definition Section

(1)

The Rules Section

(1)

Symbol Values and Actions

(1)

The Lexer

(2)

Compiling and Running a Simple Parser

(1)

Arithmetic Expressions and Ambiguity

(4)

When Not to Use Precedence Rules

(1)

Variables and Typed Tokens

(3)

Symbol Values and %union

(2)

Symbol Tables

(4)

Functions and Reserved Words

(6)

Reserved Words in the Symbol Table

(4)

Interchangeable Function and Variable Names

(1)

Building Parsers with Make

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(3)

4: A Menu Generation Language

(28)

Overview of the MGL

(2)

Developing the MGL

(9)

Building the MGL

(5)

Initialization

(2)

Screen Processing

(3)

Termination

100

(2)

Sample MGL Code

102

(5)

Exercises

107

(2)

5: Parsing SQL

109

(38)

A Quick Overview of SQL

109

(5)

Relational Data Bases

110

(1)

Manipulating Relations

111

(1)

Three Ways to Use SQL

112

(2)

The Syntax Checker

114

(5)

The Lexer

114

(4)

Error and Main Routines

118

(1)

The Parser

119

(22)

Definitions

119

(1)

Top Level Rules

120

(1)

The Schema Sublanguage

121

(5)

The Module Sublanguage

126

(2)

The Manipulation Sublanguage

128

(11)

Odds and Ends

139

(1)

Using the Syntax Checker

140

(1)

Embedded SQL

141

(5)

Changes to the Lexer

141

(2)

Changes to the Parser

143

(1)

Auxiliary Routines

144

(1)

Using the Preprocessor

145

(1)

Exercises

146

(1)

6: A Reference for Lex Specifications

147

(34)

Structure of a Lex Specification

147

(2)

Definition Section

147

(1)

Rules Section

148

(1)

User Subroutines

148

(1)

BEGIN

149

(1)

Bugs

149

(1)

Ambiguous Lookahead

149

(1)

AT&T Lex

149

(1)

Flex

150

(1)

Character Translations

150

(1)

Context Sensitivity

151

(2)

Left Context

152

(1)

Right Context

152

(1)

Definitions (Substitutions)

153

(1)

ECHO

154

(1)

Include Operations (Logical Nesting of Files)

154

(2)

File Chaining with yywrap()

154

(1)

File Nesting

155

(1)

Input from Strings

156

(2)

AT&T Lex

156

(1)

Flex

156

(1)

Abraxas Pclex

157

(1)

MKS Lex

157

(1)

POSIX Lex

158

(1)

input()

158

(1)

Internal Tables (%N Declarations)

159

(1)

lex Library

160

(1)

main()

160

(1)

Other Library Routines

160

(1)

Line Numbers and yylineno

160

(1)

Literal Block

161

(1)

Multiple Lexers in One Program

161

(4)

Combined Lexers

161

(1)

Multiple Lexers

162

(3)

output()

165

(1)

Portability of Lex Lexers

166

(1)

Porting Lex Specifications

166

(1)

Porting Generated C Lexers

166

(1)

Regular Expression Syntax

167

(3)

Metacharacters

167

(3)

POSIX Extensions

170

(1)

REJECT

170

(1)

Returning Values from yylex()

171

(1)

Start States

171

(2)

unput()

173

(1)

yyinput(), yyoutput(), yyunput()

174

(1)

yyleng

174

(1)

yyless()

174

(1)

yylex()

175

(2)

User Code in yylex()

176

(1)

yymore()

177

(1)

yytext

177

(2)

Enlarging yytext

178

(1)

yywrap()

179

(2)

7: A Reference for Yacc Grammars

181

(36)

Structure of a Yacc Grammar

181

(1)

Symbols

181

(1)

Definition Section

182

(1)

Rules Section

182

(1)

User Subroutines Section

182

(1)

Actions

182

(2)

Embedded Actions

183

(1)

Symbol Types for Embedded Actions

184

(1)

Obsolescent Feature

184

(1)

Ambiguity and Conflicts

184

(2)

Types of Conflicts

185

(1)

Bugs in Yacc

186

(2)

Real Bugs

186

(1)

Infinite Recursion

187

(1)

Unreal Bugs

187

(1)

End Marker

188

(1)

Error Token and Error Recovery

188

(1)

%ident Declaration

189

(1)

Inherited Attributes ($0)

189

(2)

Symbol Types for Inherited Attributes

190

(1)

Lexical Feedback

191

(1)

Literal Block

192

(1)

Literal Tokens

192

(1)

Portability of Yacc Parsers

193

(1)

Porting Yacc Grammars

193

(1)

Porting Generated C Lexers

194

(1)

Precedence, Associativity, and Operator Declarations

194

(3)

Precedence and Associativity

195

(1)

Operator Declarations

195

(1)

Using Precedence and Associativity to Resolve Conflicts

196

(1)

Typical Uses of Precedence

196

(1)

Recursive Rules

197

(1)

Left and Right Recursion

197

(1)

Rules

198

(1)

Special Characters

199

(2)

Start Declaration

201

(1)

Symbol Values

201

(1)

Declaring Symbol Types

201

(1)

Example

201

(1)

Explicit Symbol Types

202

(1)

Tokens

202

(2)

Token Numbers

203

(1)

Token Values

203

(1)

%type Declaration

204

(1)

%union Declaration

205

(1)

Variant and Multiple Grammars

205

(5)

Combined Parsers

206

(1)

Multiple Parsers

207

(2)

Recursive Parsing

209

(1)

Lexers for Multiple Parsers

210

(1)

y.output Files

210

(1)

Yacc Library

211

(1)

main()

211

(1)

yyerror()

212

(1)

YYABORT

212

(1)

YYACCEPT

212

(1)

YYBACKUP

213

(1)

yyclearin

213

(1)

yydebug and YYDEBUG

213

(1)

YYDEBUG

214

(1)

yydebug

214

(1)

yyerrok

214

(1)

YYERROR

215

(1)

yyerror()

215

(1)

yyparse()

216

(1)

YYRECOVERING()

216

(1)

8: Yacc Ambiguities and Conflicts

217

(26)

The Pointer Model and Conflicts

217

(12)

Types of Conflicts

220

(1)

Parser States

221

(2)

Contents of y.output

223

(5)

Review of Conflicts in y.output

228

(1)

Common Examples of Conflicts

229

(4)

Expression Grammars

229

(2)

IF--THEN--ELSE

231

(1)

Nested List Grammars

232

(1)

How Do I Fix the Conflict?

233

(7)

IF--THEN--ELSE (Shift/Reduce)

233

(2)

Loop Within a Loop (Shift/Reduce)

235

(1)

Expression Precedence (Shift/Reduce)

236

(1)

Limited Lookahead (Shift/Reduce or Reduce/Reduce)

237

(1)

Overlap of Alternatives (Reduce/Reduce)

238

(2)

Summary

240

(1)

Exercises

241

(2)

9: Error Reporting and Recovery

243

(10)

Error Reporting

243

(4)

Better Lex Error Reports

246

(1)

Error Recovery

247

(5)

Yacc Error Recovery

248

(3)

Where to Put Error Tokens

251

(1)

Compiler Error Recovery

251

(1)

Exercises Exercises

252

(1)

A: AT&T Lex

253

(8)

Error Messages

254

(7)

B: AT&T Yacc

261

(10)

Options

261

(1)

Error Messages

262

(9)

C: Berkeley Yacc

271

(6)

Options

271

(1)

Error Messages

271

(6)

Fatal Errors

271

(1)

Regular Errors

272

(2)

Warnings

274

(1)

Informative Messages

275

(2)

D: GNU Bison

277

(2)

Differences

277

(2)

E: Flex

279

(10)

Flex Differences

279

(1)

Options

280

(1)

Error Messages

281

(4)

Flex Versions of Lexer Examples

285

(4)

F: MKS lex and yacc

289

(2)

Differences

289

(1)

New Features

290

(1)

G: Abraxas lex and yacc

291

(2)

Differences

291

(1)

New Features

291

(2)

H: POSIX lex and yacc

293

(2)

Options

293

(1)

Differences

294

(1)

I: MGL Compiler Code

295

(14)

MGL Yacc Source

295

(4)

MGL Lex Source

299

(1)

Supporting C Code

300

(9)

J: SQL Parser Code

309

(24)

Yacc Parser

309

(17)

Cross-reference

320

(6)

Lex Scanner

326

(3)

Supporting Code

329

(4)

Glossary

333

(6)

Bibliography

339

(2)

Index

341

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Lex and Yacc

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials