Life Crises and Experiences of Loss in Adulthood

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ISBN: 9780805810011 | 0805810013
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/1/1992

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A result of a conference at the University of Trier, Germany, this volume mirrors its goals: * to provide an overview of recent advances in research on critical life events and the losses associated with them * to collect and stimulate new perspectives for the analysis of these events * to compare the psychology of victims experiencing stress and losses with the psychology of observers in their reactions to victims. Designed to prevent developmental psychological myths in the area of life crises, this collection questions, on an empirical basis, the adequacy of several widespread generalizations. At the same time its contributors attempt to draw paths to conceptualizations and theories in general psychology and social psychology which promise to be helpful in analyzing and interpreting phenomena in the field of life crises.

Contributors
Preface
The impact of Specific Life Crises and Loss Experiences
Bereavement and Health: Processes of Adjusting to the Loss of a Partner	p. 3
The Health Consequences of Bereavement	p. 3
Theories of Grief	p. 6
The Tubingen Longitudinal Study of Bereavement	p. 9
Conclusion	p. 19
References	p. 20
Could It Be Worse? The Diagnosis of Cancer as a Prototype of Traumatic Life Events	p. 23
Loss and Crisis: The Special Case of Life-Threatening Disease	p. 24
The Trier Longitudinal Study on Coping With Chronic Disease	p. 25
The Role of Time as a Factor in Coping With Cancer	p. 32
Concluding Remarks	p. 51
References	p. 52
Psychological Factors Related to the Recuperation Process of Accident Patients	p. 57
Relevant Psychological Factors	p. 57
Method	p. 58
Results	p. 59
Discussion	p. 61
References	p. 62
Abortion: A Case of Crisis and Loss? An Examination of Empirical Evidence	p. 65
Psychological Responses Following Abortion	p. 65
A Review of the Literature	p. 67
Abortion as a Model of Crisis and Loss	p. 75
Conclusions	p. 77
References	p. 78
A Plea for Realistic Pessimism: On Objective Reality, Coping With Stress, and Psychological Dysfunction	p. 81
The Argument of Positive Illusions	p. 82
Study 1: Hope and Unemployment	p. 83
Study 2: Self-Deception About the Objective Situation of Control at Work: Does it Help?	p. 84
Study 3: Keeping Stressful Reality Out of Your Mind: Blunting Versus Monitoring	p. 86
Studies 4 and 5: Coping in General	p. 88
General Discussion	p. 92
References	p. 93
Stress and Coping in the Context of Caring	p. 95
Stress as a Multifaceted Condition	p. 95
Caregiver Stress: An Empirical Study	p. 98
Some Final Comments	p. 113
References	p. 116
The Impact of Views About Responsibilities and Avoidability
Antecedents and Consequences of Causal Attributions for Critical Life Events	p. 121
Basic Attribution Research	p. 121
Critical Life Events From an Attributional Viewpoint	p. 122
References	p. 131
Attribution of Responsibility for Losses and Perceived Injustice	p. 133
Issue of Injustice in Critical Life Events	p. 133
The Perspective of the Victim	p. 135
The Observer Perspective	p. 149
Conclusions	p. 156
References	p. 159
Blame Avoidance: Toward an Attributional Intervention Program	p. 163
Cognitive Influences on the Stress Response	p. 163
Cognitive Factors in Coping	p. 164
Elements of Causality, Responsibility, and Blameworthiness	p. 167
Blame Inoculation	p. 169
References	p. 177
The Counterfactual Fallacy: Confusing What Might Have Been With What Ought to Have Been	p. 179
Actions That Need not Have Been	p. 180
Taken-for-Granted Versus Mutable Misfortunes	p. 183
Blame and Mutability	p. 186
Mutable Versus Unexpected Outcomes	p. 188
Summary	p. 191
References	p. 192
Ways of Dealing with Crisis and Losses
The Role of Similarity in Coping Through Down-Ward Comparison	p. 196
Theory of Social Comparison	p. 196
Support for Downward Comparison	p. 198
Similarity and Downward Comparison	p. 202
Locus of Problem	p. 207
General Discussion	p. 208
Conclusion	p. 209
References	p. 210
Social Comparison and Affiliation Under Threat	p. 213
Classic Contributions	p. 214
Downward Comparison Theory	p. 215
The Divergence of Comparative and Affiliative Activity Under Threat	p. 216
Affiliation Under Threat	p. 218
Divergence of Evaluative and Affiliative Activities	p. 219
Effects of Comparisons and Affiliation Under Threat	p. 221
Social Comparison Processes Under Stress: Discussion and Conclusions	p. 224
References	p. 226
Employees' Reactions to an Anticipated Plant Closure: The Influence of Positive Illusions	p. 229
Assessing the Functional Consequences of Positive Illusions	p. 231
An Exploratory Path Model of Coping with Job Loss	p. 239
General Discussion and Summary	p. 248
References	p. 252
Monitoring and Blunting in the Face of Threat: Implications for Adaptation and Health	p. 255
Implications of Monitoring and Blunting for Adjustment to Health Threats	p. 256
Implications of Monitoring and Blunting for Anxiety Disorders	p. 262
Implications of Monitoring and Blunting for Self-Protective
Behaviors	p. 268
Conclusions	p. 269
References	p. 270
Reality Negotiation and Valence/Linkage Self-Theories: Psychic Showdown at the "I'm OK" Corral and Beyond	p. 275
Positive Valence/Linkage Self-Theories: The "I'm OK" Corral	p. 276
Reality Negotiation and the Positive Valence/Linkage Rotation
Self-Theory	p. 281
Negative Valence/Linkage Self-Theories: The "I'm not OK" Corral	p. 287
Reality Negotiation and the Negative Valence,Linkage Rotation Self-Theory	p. 289
Caveats, Corrals, and Reality Negotiations	p. 293
References	p. 294
Developmental Perspectives on Coping with Loss
Coping With Discrepancies Between Aspirations and Achievements in Adult Development: A Dual-Process Model	p. 301
Assimilative and Accommodative Processes in the Context of Development-Related Control Activities	p. 303
Related Theoretical Notions	p. 309
Implications for a Theory of Depression	p. 311
Age-Related Changes in Preferred Coping Styles	p. 312
Summary	p. 315
References	p. 316
Is It Coping Or Is It Growth? A Cognitive-Affective Model of Contentment in the Elderly	p. 321
Pain, Suffering, and Evaluating Perspectives	p. 323
Cognitive Bases of Emotional Reactions: From Preoperational to Social Role Taking	p. 324
Social Role Taking	p. 326
Self-Role Taking and the Growth Process. Appreciating the Influence of Perspectives on One's Emotional Reactions	p. 330
Summary	p. 333
References	p. 335
Searching for Protective Factors
Reconsidering Assumptions About Coping With Loss: An Overview of Current Research	p. 341
Development of our Theoretical Perspective	p. 342
Initial Empirical Work	p. 350
Ongoing Theoretical and Empirical Work	p. 358
Conclusions	p. 361
References	p. 363
Mutual Impacts of Toughening on Crises and Losses	p. 367
The Toughness Pattern and How One Achieves It	p. 368
Implications of Toughness for Personality and Performance	p. 371
How Toughness Related to Energy, Performance, and Personality	p. 372
Implications for Coping with Life Crises and Losses	p. 373
How Toughness Relates to Health	p. 376
Research on Life Events From the Perspective of Toughness	p. 378
What Experiences Lead to Toughening?	p. 380
References	p. 381
Constructive Thinking and Mental and Physical Well-Being	p. 385
Constructive Thinking and Emotional and Physical Well-Being as
Determined by Retrospective Recall	p. 387
Constructive Thinking, Hardiness, Stress, Productive Load, and Mental and Physical Well-Being as Determined by Retrospective Recall	p. 390
The Relation of Constructive Thinking to Daily Records of Symptoms	p. 397
Constructive Thinking and Cognitive, Affective, and Physiological Responses to Stress in the Laboratory	p. 402
Summary and Conclusions	p. 407
References	p. 408
Trust and Trustworthiness	p. 411
Major Themes of Trust Research	p. 412
Trust as a Social Psychological Variable	p. 421
Consequences of Trust	p. 426
Summary	p. 430
References	p. 431
Social Support and Mental Health: A Conceptual and Empirical Overview	p. 435
A Taxonomy of Social Relationships	p. 436
Social Support, Personality, Stress, and Coping	p. 441
Discussion	p. 453
References	p. 455
Understanding Social Responses to Victims
The Cost of Social Support Following Negative Life Events: Can Adversity Increase Commitment to Caring in Close Relationships?	p. 461
Commitment in the Face of Adversity	p. 462
Commitment to Personal Projects	p. 463
A Longitudinal Study of Commitment	p. 465
Commitment to Caregiving	p. 468
Lack of Commitment	p. 471
Healthy Commitments: Beyond Control	p. 472
Conclusion	p. 473
References	p. 473
Coping With Rape: A Social Psychological Perspective	p. 477
Social Stereotypes and Responsibility Attributions to Victims of Rape	p. 479
Police Officers' Definitions of Rape	p. 486
Conclusion	p. 493
References	p. 494
Negative Social Reactions to Victims: An Overview of Responses and Their Determinants	p. 497
A Typology of Social Reactions to Victims	p. 498
Determinants of Negative Social Reactions to Victims	p. 504
Summary and Conclusions	p. 512
References	p. 515
Methodological Comment
Quandary: Correlation Coefficients and Contexts	p. 521
Author index	p. 529
Subject index	p. 545
Table of Contents provided by Blackwell. All Rights Reserved.

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Life Crises and Experiences of Loss in Adulthood

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