Lignocellulosic Fibers and Wood Handbook Renewable Materials for Today's Environment
, by Belgacem, Mohamed Naceur; Pizzi, A.
- ISBN: 9781118773529 | 1118773527
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 4/11/2016
This book will focus on lignocellulosic fibres as a raw material for several applications. It will start with wood chemistry and morphology. Then, some fibre isolation processes will be given, before moving to composites, panel and paper manufacturing, characterization and aging.
Antonio Pizzi the director of the Physical Chemistry and Polymer team and the University of Lorraine in France. He is a recognized specialist of wood adhesives, wood preservation, polymer chemistry and formulation of polycondensation resins, composites, panel products and timber chemistry. He has more than 500 publications in international refereed journal of good standing, 25 international patents and authored and edited 7 books on different aspects of wood adhesives. ?He is the holder of more than 20 international science prizes, among others the Rene Descartes finalist prize the highest science prize of the European Commission, both in 2000 and in 2005, still the only person to gain it twice, and more recently the prize of the Fraunhofer Geselleschaft "2012 German High Tech Champion-Green Building", and the Schweighofer Wood Innovation Prize under the patronage of the President of the Austrian Federal Republic.
Professor Belgacem currently directs a research laboratory at the Polytechnic Institute of Grenoble to develop ecological materials and processes in the field of papermaking, converting and printing sciences. He has published widely in several areas, namely: polymerisation of second-generation "green" monomers arising from vegetal biomass (furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural), valorisation of lignins and other residues (cork), vegetable oils-based UV-curing coatings, and surface treatment of cellulose fibres.
Professor Belgacem has supervised about 25 PhD Theses, published about 200 works, including 1 book and ~20 book chapters. His publications were cited more than 3000 times. He gave about 200 communications at scientific symposia, including, ca. 25 invited lectures. He was invited in Universities and Research Centres in about 10 countries. Professor Belgacem is a fellow of the International Academy of Wood Science (elected in 2007).
Preface xxi
Part 1: Wood and Fibres: Raw Materials
1 Introduction and State-of-the-Art 3
Mohamed Naceur Belgacem and Antonio Pizzi
2 Wood and Wood Fiber Characteristics: Moisture, Biological, Thermal and Weathering 7
Roger M. Rowel
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Moisture 8
2.3 Biological 20
2.4 Thermal 30
2.5 Fire Retardants 36
2.6 Weathering 41
References 45
3 Chemical Composition and Properties of Wood 49
Tatjana Stevanovic
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Cellulose 50
3.3 Hemicelluloses of Wood 68
3.4 Lignin(s) 80
3.5 Wood Extractives 96
References 103
4 Recycled Fibers 107
Nathalie Marlin and Bruno Carre
4.1 The Context and the Key Data 107
4.2 Recovered Paper and Board Grades 110
4.3 Unit Operations for Paper Recycling Processes 113
4.4 Recycling and Deinking Lines 119
4.5 Deinked Pulp Quality and Controls 122
4.6 The Limits of Paper Recycling 129
Acknowledgement 129
References 130
5 Recovered Papers Deinking by Froth Flotation 133
Davide Beneventi, Jeremy Allix, Patrice Nortier and Elisa Zeno
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Mass Transfer Mechanisms 135
5.3 Control of Process Performance by Chemical Additives 143
5.4 Flotation Deinking Process Modeling 149
References 152
6 High-Yield Pulps: An Interesting Concept for Producing Lignocellulosic Fibers 157
Michel Petit-Conil, Michael Lecourt and Valrie Meyer
6.1 Introduction 157
6.2 History of Mechanical Pulping 158
6.3 Principles of Mechanical Pulping Processes and Quality of Pulps 161
6.4 Quality of Mechanical Pulping Processes 171
6.5 Industrial Production of Mechanical Pulps 176
6.6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulps 181
6.7 New Technologies under Development 185
6.8 Conclusion 201
References 201
7 Kraft Pulping 207
Dominique Lachenal
7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Chemical Reagents 208
7.3 Mechanism of Delignification 209
7.4 Degradation of Carbohydrates during Kraft Pulping 213
7.5 Composition of Kraft Pulps 216
7.6 Improvement of the Kraft Process 217
7.7 Recovery of Cooking Reagents 220
7.8 Conclusion 222
References 222
8 Sulphite Pulping 225
Dmitry V. Evtuguin
8.1 Introduction 225
8.2 Brief History of Pulping Processes 227
8.3 Sulphite Pulping Chemicals 228
8.4 General Aspects of Sulphite Pulping 230
8.5 Reactions of Sulphite Pulping 234
References 243
Part 2: Wood and Fibres: Composites and Panels
9 Synthetic Adhesives for Wood Fibers and Composites: Chemistry and Technology 247
A. Pizzi
9.1 Introduction 247
9.2 Urea-Formaldehyde (UF) Adhesives 248
9.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF) and Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde (MUF) Adhesives 252
9.4 Phenolic Resins 255
9.5 Resorcinol Adhesives 259
9.6 Thermosetting Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 262
9.7 Isocyanate and Polyurethane Wood Adhesives 263
9.8 Chemistry of Isocyanate Wood Adhesives 263
9.9 Technology of Isocyanate Adhesives 264
9.10 Conditions of Application of Isocyanate Adhesives for Wood 269
9.11 Emulsion Polymer Isocyanates (EPI) 270
9.12 Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc), EVAs and Acrylics 271
9.13 Hot Melts 272
References 273
10 Natural Adhesives, Binders and Matrices for Wood and Fiber Composites: Chemistry and Technology 277
A. Pizzi
10.1 Introduction 277
10.2 Tannin Adhesives 278
10.3 Lignin Adhesives 282
10.4 Mixed Tannin-Lignin Adhesives and Resins 285
10.5 Protein Adhesives 286
10.6 Carbohydrate Adhesives 287
10.7 Unsaturated Oil Adhesives 287
10.8 Wood Welding without Adhesives 289
10.9 Alternative Systems to Weld Wood 299
References 301
11 Chemically-Based Modern Wood Composites 305
Gerd Wegener and Elisabeth Windeisen
11.1 Introduction 305
11.2 Conventional Concepts and Products 305
11.3 New Concepts and Products 306
11.4 Outlook 310
References 310
12 Chemical Modification of Solid Wood 313
Philippe Gerardin
12.1 Introduction 313
12.2 Chemical Modifications Involving the Use of Chemicals 314
12.3 Chemical Modifications Using Heat Treatments 317
12.4 Conclusions 320
References 321
13 Modification of Natural Fibers Using Physical Technologies and Their Applications for Composites 323
Stephane Molina
13.1 Introduction 323
13.2 Wave and Radiation Technologies for Cellulosic Fiber Surface Modification 325
13.3 Physicochemical Technologies for Surface Modification of Cellulosic Fibers 334
13.4 Mechanical and Thermomechanical Technologies for Surface Modification of Cellulosic Fibers 335
13.5 Conclusions 340
References 340
14 Wood and Fiber-Based Composites: Surface Properties and Adhesion 345
Douglas Gardner, Gloria Oporto, and William Tze
14.1 Introduction: Practical Significance of Surface Properties and Adhesion 345
14.2 Adhesion Theories and Mechanisms 346
14.3 Interfacial Phenomena in Wood and Fiber Adhesion 347
14.4 Adhesion Interactions as a Function of Length Scale 349
14.5 Wood Bonding Considerations 350
14.6 Wood and Fiber Surface Properties 352
14.7 Wood Surface Modification 354
14.8 Analytical Techniques to Measure Wood and Fiber Surface Properties 359
References 378
15 Wood and Fiber Panels Technology 385
A.Pizzi
15.1 Introduction 385
15.2 Wood as a Substrate 385
15.3 Wood Plasticization 386
15.4 Types of Wood Panels 387
15.5 Influence of the Adhesive in Wood Panel Bonding 388
15.6 Influence of Wood in Wood Panel Production 389
15.7 Production Condition Parameters in Wood Panel Gluing 391
15.8 Correlation between Pressing Parameters and Physical Properties 398
References 402
Part 3: Wood and Fibres: Paper
16 Rheology: From Simple Fluids to Complex Suspensions 407
Raj P. Chhabra
16.1 Introduction 407
16.2 Classification of Fluid Behavior 409
16.3 Time-independent Fluid Behavior 412
16.4 Time-dependent Behavior 419
16.5 Viscoelastic Behavior 421
16.6 Small Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Motion 423
16.7 Elongational Flow 424
16.8 Rheology of Suspensions 427
16.9 Origins of Non-Newtonian Behavior 432
16.10 Implications in Engineering Applications 435
16.11 Concluding Summary 436
Acknowledgement 436
Nomenclature 436
References 437
17 Papermaking and Wet-End Chemistry 439
Eder Siqueira, Evelyne Mauret, Raphael Passas and Mohamed Naceur Belgacem
17.1 Introduction 439
17.2 Wet-end Chemicals, Fillers and Pigments: General Considerations 440
17.3 Functional Additives 444
17.4 Processing Aids 455
References 460
18 Paper Winding 463
David R. Roisutn
18.1 Introduction 463
18.2 Winder Types Found in a Paper Mill 464
18.3 Winder Classes and Types 464
18.4 Effect of Winder Classes and Types on Wound Roll Tightness 466
18.5 Roll Structure Theory and Control Curves 466
18.6 Tightness and Roll Quality Measurement 467
18.7 Winding Theory Stresses inside the Roll 469
18.8 Winding Defects 470
18.9 The Reel 471
18.10 Two-Drum Winders 472
18.11 Duplex Winders 473
18.12 Other Operations near the Rewinder 474
18.13 Automation and Productivity 474
18.14 Profile and Moisture 477
18.15 Paper Mills'Customers 478
18.16 Learning More about Winding 479
Abbreviations used in this section 479
References 479
19 Surface Treatments of Paper 481
Mohamed Naceur Belgacem and Julien Bras
19.1 Surface Sizing of Paper 481
19.2 Paper Coating 481
19.3 Specialty Papers by Coating 486
19.4 Coating Machines 489
References 491
20 Calendering of Papers and Boards: Processes and Basic Mechanisms 493
Didier Chaussy and David Guerin
20.1 Introduction 493
20.2 Calendering Processes 494
20.3 Applying Pressure in a Nip 505
20.4 Heat Transfer in the Nip 511
20.4.1 Heat Transfer Balance 511
20.5 Effect of Calendering on Paper Structure and Surface Properties 518
20.6 Conclusions and Trends in Calendering 525
References 526
21 Color and Color Reversion of Cellulosic and Lignocellulosic Fibers 531
Alain Castellan and Stephane Grelier
21.1 Introduction 531
21.2 Lignin-Free Cellulosic Fibers (Chemical Pulps) 532
21.3 Lignin-rich Cellulosic Fibers (High-yield Pulps) 539
21.4 Conclusion 549
References 549
Part 4 Wood and Fibres: Properties
22 Fire Behavior of Timber and Lignocellulose 555
Pedro Reszka and Jose L. Torero
22.1 Introduction 555
22.2 Wood in Structures 557
22.3 Basic Definition of Fire Growth 560
22.4 Degradation 561
22.5 Experimental Studies on Wood Behavior in Fire 567
22.6 Modeling Wood Behavior in Fire 570
22.7 Flammability Assessment Methods 571
22.8 The Role of Fire Retardants
22.9 Summary 577
References 578
23 Testing and Evaluation of Fire-retardant-treated Wood Products 583
Robert H. White
23.1 Introduction 583
23.2 Conditioning of Specimens 584
23.4 Regulatory Test Methods 587
23.5 Product Specific Regulatory Test Methods 588
23.6 Other Fire Test Methods 589
23.7 Tests for Smoke Obscuration 589
23.8 Other Properties of Fire-retardant-treated Wood 589
23.9 Specifications for Fire-retardant-treated Wood Products 590
23.10 Tests for Commonly Used Fire-retardant Chemicals 590
23.11 Concluding Remarks 591
References 591
24 Modern Timber Houses 595
Andreas Miiller, Hans-Peter Kolb and Maurice Brunner
24.1 Introduction 595
24.2 Tradition and Development of the Swiss Timber House 595
24.3 Timber House Systems 597
24.4 Heat Insulation and Protection against Moisture 600
24.5 Sound Protection 602
24.6 Fire Protection 604
24.7 Multistory Timber Buildings 606
24.8 Conclusions 609
References 610
25 Paper Characterization and Testing 611
Jean-Francis Block
25.1 Introduction and General Considerations 611
25.2 Composition and Structure 612
25.3 Mechanical Properties 616
25.4 Optical Properties 622
Suggested Literature 627
References 627
26 Dimensional Stabilization of Wood and Wood Composites 629
Michael Boonstra
26.1 Introduction 629
26.2 Thermal Modification 633
26.3 Chemical Modification 640
26.4 Wood Polymer Composites (WPC) 648
26.5 Other Applications 651
References 652
Index 657
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