Lipid Polymorphism and Membrane Properties

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ISBN: 9780121533441 | 0121533441
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/10/1997

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The major lipid components of biological membranes can undergo many diverse and fascinating morphological rearrangements. Studies of these diverse phases and the manner in which they are formed tends to alter the properties of ordinary bilayer membranes. This book examines the structural and biological roles of lipids forming non-lamellar structures. Key Features * Characterization of non-lamellar structures * Protein activity and membrane properties * Analysis of membrane fusion * Affect of non-lamellar forming lipids on biological systems

Contributors

(4)

Preface

(2)

Previous Volumes in Series

xvii

PART I Characterization of Nonlamellar Structures

(190)

CHAPTER 1 The Cubic Phases of Lipids

(22)

Vittorio Luzzati

Herve Delacroix

Annette Gulik

Tadeusz Gulik-Kryzwicki

Paolo Mariani

Rodolfo Vargas

I. Introduction

(4)

II. Structure Analysis

(2)

III. Chemical Properties

(3)

IV. Structure Representations

(3)

V. Orderly Disposal of Short-Range Conformational Disorder: The Chaotic Zones

(4)

VI. Biological Implications

(2)

References

(4)

CHAPTER 2 Membrane Lipid Molecular Structure and Polymorphism

(79)

Ruthven N.A.H. Lewis

David A. Mannock

Ronald N. McElhaney

I. Introduction

(2)

II. Nonlamellar-Forming Lipids of Biological Membranes: General Properties

(4)

III. Molecular Structure and Nonlamellar Phase Behavior: Theoretical and Mechanistic Considerations

(8)

IV. Molecular Structure and Nonlamellar Phase Behavior: Experimental Observations

(38)

V. Concluding Remarks

(4)

References

(23)

CHAPTER 3 NMR Studies Membrane Lipid Properties

104

(63)

Robin L. Thurmond

Goran Lindblom

I. Introduction

104

(5)

II. Theory

109

(8)

III. The L(Alpha) Phase

117

(14)

IV. The H(II) Phase

131

(8)

V. Other Phases

139

(3)

VI. Relaxation

142

(1)

VII. Translational Diffusion Studied by NMR

143

(9)

VIII. Conclusions and Possible Biological Relevance

152

(3)

References

155

(12)

CHAPTER 4 Hydration, Curvature, and Bending Elasticity of Phospholipid Monolayers

167

(26)

R.P. Rand

V.A. Parsegian

I. Introduction

167

(4)

II. Using Osmotic Stress

171

(1)

III. Probing the Dimensions and Energetics of These Structures

171

(7)

IV. Measuring Monolayer Curvature and Bending Modulus

178

(1)

V. Unpredictability of Curvature and Phases

179

(1)

VI. Effects of Other Kinds of Lipids on the Phase, the Curvature, and the Hydration of the Lipid Assemblies

180

(6)

VII. Summary

186

(1)

References

187

(6)

PART II Perturbation of Bilayer Properties

193

(62)

CHAPTER 5 Phase Behavior of Membrances Containing Bioactive Lipids

193

(44)

Juan C. Gomez-Fernandez

Jose Villalain

Francisco J. Aranda

I. Introduction

193

(1)

II. Alpha-Tocopherol in Membrances

194

(15)

III. Modulation of Lipid Phase Behavior by the Presence of Diacyglycerols

209

(17)

IV. Concluding Remarks

226

(2)

References

228

(9)

CHAPTER 6 Modulation of Lipid Polymorphism by Peptides

237

(18)

Richard M. Epand

I. Introduction

237

(2)

II. Factors Affecting Peptide Modulation of Lipid Polymorphism

239

(4)

III. Examples

243

(4)

IV. Reciprocal Effects of Class A and L Amphipathic Helices

247

(1)

V. Conclusions

248

(1)

References

249

(6)

PART III Protein Activity and Membrane Properties

255

(104)

CHAPTER 7 Membrane Properties and the Activation of Protein Kinase C and Phospholipase A(2)

255

(31)

Rapael Zidovetzki

I. Introduction

255

(1)

II. Biological Effects of DAGS

256

(1)

III. Membrane Structure and PKC Activity

257

(2)

IV. Membrane Structure and PLA(2) Activity

259

(1)

V. Nonbilayer Lipid Phases

260

(6)

VI. Effects of PC-PS Phase Seperation on PKC Activity

266

(1)

VII. Lateral Phase seperation of the Bilayers on the Regions of Different Fluidities

267

(2)

VIII. Transverse Bilayer Perturbations

269

(2)

IX. Conclusions

271

(2)

References

273

(13)

CHAPTER 8 Influence of Nonlamellar-forming Lipids on RHodopsin

286

(73)

Michael F. Brown

I. Introduction

286

(4)

II. The Visual System

290

(13)

III. Role of Membrane Lipids in the Visual Process

303

(30)

IV. Properties of the Membrane Lipid Bilayer in Comparison to the Photochemical Function of Rhodopsin

333

(10)

V. Membrane Deformation Energy, Curvature Frustration, and Rhodopsin Function

343

(6)

References

349

(10)

PART IV Membrane Fusion

359

(90)

CHAPTER 9 Liposome Fusion

359

(16)

Austin L. Bailey

Pieter R. Cullis

I. Introduction

359

(1)

II. Lipid Polymorphism

360

(4)

III. Lipid Polymorphism and Fusion

364

(4)

IV. Lipid Asymmetry and Fusion

368

(1)

V. Conclusion

369

(2)

References

371

(4)

CHAPTER 10 Membrane Fusion Intermediates

375

(28)

Philip L. Yeagle

I. Introduction

375

(2)

II. Curvature

377

(9)

III. Relevancy of Curvature of SUV and H(II) to Membrane Fusion

386

(2)

IV. Role of Nonlamellar Intermediates in Vesicle Fusion

388

(6)

V. Role of Nonlamellar Intermediates in Viral Fusion

394

(3)

VI. Summary

397

(1)

References

397

(6)

CHAPTER 11 Morphology of Membrane Fusion

403

(46)

Koert N.J. Burger

I. Introduction

403

(2)

II. Technical Considerations

405

(7)

III. Morphology of Biomembrane Fusion

412

(4)

IV. Membrane Fusion Intermediates

416

(4)

V. Fusogenic Lipids and Model Membrane Fusion

420

(7)

VI. Type II Lipids and Biomembrane Fusion

427

(4)

VII. Role of Protiens in BIomembrane Fusion

431

(5)

VIII. Confusions and Prospects

436

(2)

References

438

(11)

PART V Biological Systems

449

(116)

CHAPTER 12 Drug Delivery Applications

449

(28)

Frank L. Sorgi

Leaf Huang

I. Introduction

449

(3)

II. pH-Sensitive Liposomes

452

(2)

III. Target-Sensitive Liposomes

452

(2)

IV. Photosensitive Liposomes

455

(1)

V. Cotionic Liposomes

456

(12)

VI. Future Considerations

468

(1)

Conclusions

469

(2)

References

471

(6)

CHAPTER 13 Phospholipid Structure and Escherichia coli Membranes

477

(40)

Ben de Kruiff

J. Antoinette Killian

Anton G. Rietveld

Ron Kusters

I. Introduction

477

(1)

II. The E. coli Membranes and Their Phospholipids

478

(5)

III. Phase Preferences of Individual E. coli Phospholipids

483

(7)

IV. Lipid Organizsation of E. coli Membranes and Derived Lipid Dispersions

490

(7)

V. Effect of Membrane-Active Additives on Lipid Organiozation

497

(3)

VI. Functional Aspects

500

(13)

References

513

(4)

CHAPTER 14 Regulation of Lipid Syntheses in Acholeplasma laidlawli

517

(24)

Ake Wieslander

Olof P. Karlsson

I. Introduction

517

(2)

II. Molecular Biology of Acholeplasma laidawii

519

(1)

III. Membrane Polar Lipid Composition

520

(2)

IV. Regulation of Membrane Lipids

522

(10)

V. Comparison with Other Membranes

532

(2)

VI. Conclusions

534

(1)

References

535

(6)

CHAPTER 15 Curvature Stress and Biomembrane Function

541

(24)

Sek Wen Hui

I. Curvature Stress in Biomembranes

541

(4)

II. Curvature Stress and Membrane Functions

545

(11)

III. Possible Mechanism of Functional Control by Curvature Stress

556

(3)

References

559

(6)

Index

565

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Lipid Polymorphism and Membrane Properties

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