Listening to Jazz

Listening to Jazz offers the most engaging introduction to the rich history and culture of jazz. Featuring coverage of all standard periods and genres--including a solid focus on contemporary jazz and ample coverage of Latin musicians and women in jazz--this text helps students understand how jazz evolved and how its various styles intersect and blend. Through in-depth listening guides and a narrative that addresses both social history and performance practice, students learn how to listen to and appreciate jazz in all its many forms.

For a truly rich learning experience, use the Listening to Jazz enhanced eBook. Access to the enhanced eBook is included with all new copies of the printed text and is also available for separate purchase.

Benjamin Bierman is Associate Professor of Music at John Jay College, City University of New York.

CONTENTS

Preface
Jazz Styles Timeline

1 INTRODUCING JAZZ
1st Chorus: What Is Jazz?
What is Jazz?

2nd Chorus: What Are the Elements of Jazz?
What are the roles of composition and arranging in jazz?
What are the different types of jazz instrumentation?
What are the various types of jazz ensembles?

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

Overview PRE-JAZZ: 1865

2 PRECURSORS OF JAZZ: 1870s
What was life like for African-Americans after the Civil War?
1st Chorus: The Blues
What are the blues?
LISTENING FOCUS: "Tangle Eye Blues" by Walter "Tangle Eye" Jackson (1947)
LISTENING FOCUS: "Preachin' Blues (Up Jumped the Devil)" (1936) by Robert Johnson
LISTENING FOCUS: "I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man" (1954) by Muddy Waters Blues Band
LISTENING FOCUS: "Everyday I Have the Blues" (1964) by B.B King and His Orchestra
LISTENING FOCUS: "Back Water Blues" (1927) by Bessie Smith (vocal) with James P. Johnson (piano)

2nd Chorus: Ragtime 35
What is ragtime?
LISTENING FOCUS: "Maple Leaf Rag" (1970) by Joshua Rifkin (piano), composed by Scott Joplin.(1899)
3rd Chorus: Early Jazz
How did ragtime influence the birth of jazz?
LISTENING FOCUS: ""Memphis Blues" by Lieut. Jim Europe's 369th US Infantry ("Hellfighters") Band (1919), composed by W. C. Handy (1912)

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

3 NEW ORLEANS JAZZ: 1880s
1st Chorus: New Orleans: The Birthplace of Jazz
How did the mixture of different ethnic groups in New Orleans influence the development of jazz?
Who were some of the key early New Orleans jazz musicians?

2nd Chorus: The First Jazz Record
LISTENING FOCUS: "LIVERY STABLE BLUES" (1917) BY THE ORIGINAL DIXIELAND JAZZ BAND

3rd Chorus: Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton
Why was Jelly Roll Morton a key figure in the development of jazz?
LISTENING FOCUS: "Black Bottom Stomp" (1926), Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton and His Red Hot Peppers

4th Chorus: Joseph "King" Oliver and Sidney Bechet
What was the influence of "King" Oliver on early jazz music and its performers?
LISTENING GUIDE: "Dippermouth Blues" (1923) by King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band
Why is Sidney Bechet considered the first virtuosic soloist in jazz? 54
LISTENING FOCUS: "Cake Walking Babies (from Home)" (1924) by The Red Onion Jazz Babies

5th Chorus: Louis Armstrong
Why is Louis Armstrong among the most influential musicians in the history of jazz?
LISTENING FOCUS: "Hotter Than That" (1927) by Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

Overview JAZZ GOES TO TOWN: 1910 -1930

4 CHICAGO JAZZ: LATE 1917-1930
Why did a thriving jazz scene develop in Chicago in the late 1910s and early 1920s?
1st Chorus: Bix Beiderbecke and Paul Whiteman
How did Bix Beiderbecke's style differ from those of Louis Armstrong and other early jazz trumpeters?
LISTENING GUIDE: "SINGIN' THE BLUES" (1927) BY FRANKIE TRUMBAUER AND HIS ORCHESTRA
What was Paul Whiteman's role in popularizing jazz?

2nd Chorus: Earl "Fatha" Hines and Louis Armstrong
HOW JAZZ DID EARL HINES REVOLUTIONIZE PIANO PLAYING?
LISTENING FOCUS: "WEATHER BIRD" (1928) BY EARL "FATHA" HINES (PIANO) AND LOUIS ARMSTRONG (TRUMPET)
VIEWING FOCUS: "Love is Just Around the Corner" (c. 1955) by the Earl Hines Trio

3rd Chorus: Lovie Austin and Lil Hardin Armstrong
What role did women play in the early decades of jazz?
LISTENING FOCUS: "TRAVELING BLUES" (1924) BY LOVIE AUSTIN AND HER BLUES SERENADERS

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

5 NEW YORK JAZZ: 1920s-1930s
1st Chorus: Fletcher Henderson
How did New York City become a major jazz center?
How did popular songwriters influence the jazz repertoire?
What role did Fletcher Henderson play in developing the New York jazz scene?
LISTENING GUIDE: "NEW KING PORTER STOMP" (1932) BY FLETCHER HENDERSON'S ORCHESTRA

2nd Chorus: New York Bands: Benny Carter, Chick Webb, Cab Calloway, and Jimmie Lunceford
LISTENING FOCUS: "SYMPHONY IN RIFFS" (1933) BY THE BENNY CARTER ORCHESTRA
How did the successful New York ballrooms and nightclubs influence the development of jazz?
LISTENING FOCUS: "GO HARLEM" (1936) BY THE CHICK WEBB ORCHESTRA

3rd Chorus: Instrumental Masters: Roy Eldridge and Coleman Hawkins
What role did star soloists play in these bands?
LISTENING FOCUS: "ROCKIN' CHAIR" (1941) BY ROY ELDRIDGE WITH GENE KRUPA AND HIS ORCHESTRA
LISTENING FOCUS: "BODY AND SOUL" (1939) BY COLEMAN HAWKINS AND HIS ORCHESTRA

4th Chorus: Harlem Stride Piano
What are the distinguishing characteristics of stride piano?
VIEWING FOCUS: "Your Feet's Too Big" by Fats Waller (c. 1940)/ Demonstration of Piano Styles by Earl Hines (c. 1955)
LISTENING FOCUS: "LIZA" (1934, TAKE D) BY ART TATUM (PIANO)

5th Chorus: Spanish-Caribbean Influence on Jazz: Alberto Socarrás
How has Spanish-Caribbean music influenced jazz?
LISTENING FOCUS: "MASABI" (1935) BY ALBERTO SOCARRÁS Y SU ORQUESTA CUBANACAN

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

6 KANSAS CITY JAZZ: 1920s-1940
1st Chorus: Kansas City and Territory Bands
Why was Kansas City a center for the early development of swing music?
LISTENING FOCUS: "THE COUNT" (1940) BY ANDY KIRK AND HIS TWELVE CLOUDS OF JOY

2nd Chorus: Boogie-Woogie: "Big" Joe Turner and Pete Johnson
What is boogie-woogie?
LISTENING FOCUS: "ROLL 'EM PETE" (1938) BY BIG JOE TURNER (VOCAL) AND PETE JOHNSON (PIANO)

3rd Chorus: William "Count" Basie
VIEWING FOCUS: "Air Mail Special" by Count Basie and His Orchestra (1941) and "Take Me Back Baby" by Count Basie and His Orchestra featuring Jimmy Rushing (c. 1940)
What were the key elements of Basie's early style?
LISTENING GUIDE: "One O'Clock Jump" (1937) by the Count Basie Orchestra
How did Basie's band change in the years after World War II?

4th Chorus: Lester Young
LISTENING GUIDE: "LESTER LEAPS IN" (1939) BY COUNT BASIE'S KANSAS CITY SEVEN

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

Overview FROM SWING TO BOP: 1930-1950

7 THE SWING ERA
What economic and social developments in the country led to the swing era?
What is swing music?

1st Chorus: Benny Goodman
Why is Benny Goodman generally credited as launching the swing era?
LISTENING GUIDE: "SWINGTIME IN THE ROCKIES" (1938) BY THE BENNY GOODMAN ORCHESTRA

2nd Chorus: Big-Band Innovators: Artie Shaw, Glenn Miller, and Tommy Dorsey
Who were some other popular bandleaders during the swing era?
LISTENING FOCUS: "BEGIN THE BEGUINE" (1938) BY ARTIE SHAW AND HIS ORCHESTRA
VIEWING FOCUS: "In the Mood" by the Glenn Miller Orchestra led by Tex Beneke (1946)
VIEWING FOCUS: Medley of Popular Songs by the Dorsey Brothers Band featuring Alice Boulton, vocalist (1929)
LISTENING FOCUS: "ON THE SUNNY SIDE OF THE STREET" (1944) BY TOMMY DORSEY AND HIS ORCHESTRA

3rd Chorus: Women in Jazz: "All-Girl" Swing Big Bands
What were the unique challenges faced by the "all-girl" bands during the swing era?
LISTENING GUIDE: "Blue Lou" (1944) by the International Sweethearts of Rhythm

4th Chorus: Latin Styles During the 1930s
How did Latin bands continue to influence mainstream jazz in the 1930s?
LISTENING FOCUS: "EL MANISERO" (1930) BY DON AZPIAZÚ AND HIS HAVANA CASINO ORCHESTRA

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

8 DUKE ELLINGTON
Why is Duke Ellington considered one of America's most important composers and bandleaders?
1st Chorus: Early Ellington
What were the stylistic hallmarks of the early Ellington Band?
LISTENING FOCUS: "BLACK AND TAN FANTASY" (1927 VICTOR VERSION) BY DUKE ELLINGTON AND THE WASHINGTONIANS

2nd Chorus: Later Ellington
What impact did the hiring of Billy Strayhorn have on the Ellington Band?
LISTENING GUIDE: "KO-KO" (1940) BY DUKE ELLINGTON AND HIS FAMOUS ORCHESTRA
VIEWING FOCUS: "I Got It Bad (And That Ain't Good)" by Duke Ellington and his Orchestra, featuring vocalist Ivie Anderson (later 1940s)
How did Ellington's style change in his later years?
LISTENING FOCUS: A TONE PARALLEL TO HARLEM (THE HARLEM SUITE) (1951) BY DUKE ELLINGTON AND HIS ORCHESTRA

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

9 SWING-ERA VOCALISTS
1st Chorus: Swing Vocalists: Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald
Who were key jazz vocalists during the swing era?
LISTENING FOCUS: "STRANGE FRUIT" (1939) BY BILLIE HOLIDAY WITH ORCHESTRA
LISTENING FOCUS: "OH, LADY BE GOOD" (1947 VERSION) BY ELLA FITZGERALD, ACCOMPANIED BY BOB HAGGART AND HIS ORCHESTRA

2nd Chorus: From Jazz to Pop: Nat King Cole and Frank Sinatra 183
How did some vocalists cross over from jazz to become popular music stars?
LISTENING FOCUS: "STRAIGHTEN UP AND FLY RIGHT" (1943) BY THE KING COLE TRIO
LISTENING FOCUS: "COME DANCE WITH ME" (1959) BY FRANK SINATRA WITH BILLY MAY AND HIS ORCHESTRA

3rd Chorus: Louis Jordan and Dinah Washington
VIEWING FOCUS: "Caldonia" (Late 1944-early 1945) by Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five
LISTENING FOCUS: "Teach Me Tonight" (1954) by Dinah Washington with Hal Mooney and His Orchestra

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

10 BEBOP AND BEYOND: 1940s
What is bebop?
1st Chorus: Bird and Diz
Why are Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie considered the prime movers behind the bebop movement?
VIEWING FOCUS: "Hot House" (1951) by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie; composed by Tadd Dameron
LISTENING GUIDE: "Bloomdido" (1955) by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie
LISTENING FOCUS: "Shaw Nuff" (1945) by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie
LISTENING FOCUS: "MANTECA" (1947) BY THE DIZZY GILLESPIE ORCHESTRA FEATURING CHANO POZO

2nd Chorus: Thelonious Monk and Bud Powell
How did Thelonious Monk and Bud Powell create a new role for pianists in bebop music?
LISTENING FOCUS: "MONK'S MOOD" (1957) BY THELONIOUS MONK QUARTET WITH JOHN COLTRANE
LISTENING FOCUS: "UN POCO LOCO" (1951) BY BUD POWELL

3rd Chorus: Big-Band Bebop
What role did big bands play in the bebop era?
LISTENING/VIEWING FOCUS: "Four Brothers" (1947) by Woody Herman's Second Herd and "Four Brothers" (1964) by Woody Herman's Swinging Herd; Jimmy Giuffre (arranger)
LISTENING FOCUS: "SID'S DELIGHT" (1949) BY TADD DAMERON AND HIS ORCHESTRA/BIG TEN

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

Overview BUILDING THE MAINSTREAM: 1950-1975

11 JAZZ IN THE 1950s
How did American culture change after World War II?
How did the jazz world change in the 1950s?
1st Chorus: Cool Jazz/West Coast Jazz, Progressive Jazz
What is cool jazz?
LISTENING GUIDE: "BOPLICITY" (1949) BY THE MILES DAVIS NONET
How did cool jazz develop on the West Coast?
LISTENING FOCUS: "LINE FOR LYONS" (1952) BY GERRY MULLIGAN QUARTET WITH CHET BAKER
LISTENING FOCUS: "BLUE RONDO À LA TURK" (1959) BY THE DAVE BRUBECK QUARTET
What is progressive jazz?

2nd Chorus: Hard Bop
What is hard bop?
LISTENING FOCUS: "MOANIN'" (1958) BY ART BLAKEY AND THE JAZZ MESSENGERS
LISTENING GUIDE: "JOY SPRING" (1955) BY THE CLIFFORD BROWN-MAX ROACH QUINTET

3rd Chorus: The Mambo Craze
How did the mambo craze continue the Latin influence on jazz?
LISTENING/VIEWING FOCUS: "Mambo Inn" (1955) by the Tito Puente Orchestra and "Conga Jam" (2001) from Cándido: Hands of Fire by Cándido Camero (conga) and Andy Gonzalez (bass)

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

12 THE 1960s
How did American culture and music change in the '60s?
1st Chorus: Soul Jazz
What is soul jazz?
LISTENING FOCUS: "SOUL SHOUTIN'" (1963) BY SHIRLEY SCOTT
VIEWING FOCUS: "Work Song" (1963) by the Cannonball Adderley Quintet
LISTENING FOCUS: "COMPARED TO WHAT" (1969) BY LES MCCANN AND EDDIE HARRIS

2nd Chorus: Small Combo Latin Jazz; The Brazilian Influence on Jazz
What were the key developments in Latin jazz in the early 1960s?
LISTENING FOCUS: "SOUL SAUCE (GUACHI GUARO)" (ROUGH MIX) (1964) BY CAL TJADER
LISTENING FOCUS: "DESAFINADO" (1962) BY STAN GETZ AND CHARLIE BYRD

3rd Chorus: The Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians
WHAT IS AVANT-GARDE JAZZ?
LISTENING FOCUS: "Congeniality" (1959) by the Ornette Coleman Quartet
How did the avant-garde jazz movement continue to develop in the 1960s?
LISTENING FOCUS: "BARNYARD SCUFFEL SHUFFEL" (1973) BY THE ART ENSEMBLE OF CHICAGO
How did the avant-garde jazz movement of the 1960s continue to develop over the following decades?
LISTENING/VIEWING FOCUS: "Streams of Chorus and Seed" excerpt (1976) by Cecil Taylor Unit and a Duet from Cecil Taylor: All the Notes (2003) by Cecil Taylor (piano) and Dominic Duval (bass)

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

13 FIVE VIEWS OF THE MAINSTREAM
1st Chorus: Miles Davis
How did Miles Davis continue to innovate and change throughout his career?
LISTENING FOCUS: "SO WHAT" (1959) BY THE MILES DAVIS SEXTET
LISTENING FOCUS: "E.S.P." (1965) BY THE MILES DAVIS QUINTET

2nd Chorus: John Coltrane
How did John Coltrane set a new standard for jazz saxophone?
VIEWING FOCUS: "My Favorite Things" (1965)
LISTENING GUIDE: "RESOLUTION" (1965) BY THE JOHN COLTRANE QUARTET
LISTENING GUIDE: "Altruvista" (1967) by Alice Coltrane (piano)

3rd Chorus: Charles Mingus
How did Charles Mingus revitalize jazz composition and arranging for larger ensembles?
LISTENING GUIDE: "FABLES OF FAUBUS" (1959) BY CHARLES MINGUS

4th Chorus: Bill Evans and Herbie Hancock
What new innovations did pianists-composers Bill Evans and Herbie Hancock bring to jazz?
LISTENING GUIDE: "WALTZ FOR DEBBY" (TAKE 1, 1961) BY THE BILL EVANS TRIO
VIEWING GUIDE: "Emily" (1970) by the Bill Evans Trio
LISTENING GUIDE: "ACTUAL PROOF" (1974, EXCERPT 0:00-6:06) BY HERBIE HANCOCK

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

Overview INTO THE PRESENT: 1975-TODAY

14 MANY MOVEMENTS: JAZZ FUSION, NEO-TRADITIONALIST, MAINSTREAM, LARGE ENSEMBLES, AND THE DOWNTOWN SCENE (1970s-1990s)
How have issues of race, class, gender, and culture continued to resonate in America since the 1970s?
1st Chorus: Jazz Fusion
What is jazz fusion music, and why is it controversial among jazz fans?
LISTENING FOCUS: "BIRDS OF FIRE" (1973) BY JOHN MCLAUGHLIN AND THE MAHAVISHNU ORCHESTRA
LISTENING GUIDE: "BIRDLAND" (1977) BY WEATHER REPORT

2nd Chorus: Neo-Traditionalists and the Continuing Mainstream
Who were the Neo-Traditionalists, and what impact did they have on jazz in the 1980s-1990s?
LISTENING FOCUS: "Delfeayo's Dilemma" (1985) by Wynton Marsalis
How did mainstream jazz continue to flourish and grow in this period?
VIEWING FOCUS: "St. Thomas" (1968) by Sonny Rollins

3rd Chorus: Chorus Large Ensembles
What role do large ensembles continue to play in jazz?
LISTENING GUIDE: "Big Dipper" (1966) by Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra
LISTENING FOCUS: "Fast Lane" (1966) by Carla Bley Big Band

4th Chorus: The Downtown Scene
What is the downtown scene, and what role has it played in jazz music?

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study
Look It Up: Key Resources

15 JAZZ TODAY
Defining Contemporary Jazz
What distinguishes today's jazz from that of earlier periods?
LISTENING FOCUS: "Three Revolutions" (2017) by The Afro Latin Jazz Orchestra
1st Chorus: The Contemporary Rhythm Section
How has the role of the rhythm section changed in contemporary jazz?
LISTENING FOCUS: "RUBYLOU'S LULLABY" (2008) BY BRIAN BLADE & THE FELLOWSHIP BAND
LISTENING FOCUS: "Black Holes" (2018) by the Renee Rosnes Quintet
LISTENING FOCUS: "Cycling Through Reality" (2017) by the Blue Note All Stars
VIEWING FOCUS: "Keep Your Eyes Open" by Bill Frisell

2nd Chorus: Horn Players
How have the changes in the jazz scene impacted horn players?
VIEWING FOCUS: "Panonica" Instrumentation: Tenor Saxophone: Joe Lovano

3rd Chorus: Women in Contemporary Jazz
Have the difficulties for women in jazz changed in the contemporary scene?
LISTENING FOCUS: "Wistful" (2012) by Teri Lyne Carrington

4th Chorus: Vocalists
How have the vocalists extended their technique to suit their work in contemporary jazz?
LISTENING FOCUS: "Blackbird" (2010) by Cassandra Wilson

5th Chorus: Strings
How does the popularity of strings in jazz today reflect a new interest in more varied instrumentation?

6th Chorus: Small Groups and Big Bands
How have small groups and bands from musicians' collectives to big bands shaped the new jazz landscape?

7th Chorus: New Media
How are jazz musicians using new media and adapting to a changed technological landscape?
Conclusion

CODA: Chapter Summary
Talkin' Jazz: Key Terms
Key People
Think About This: For Further Discussion and Study

Glossary

Index