Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Portable Edition
, by Kennedy, X. J.; Gioia, Dana
- ISBN: 9780205229567 | 0205229565
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 1/10/2012
Literature, Portable Edition, 12/e, features four lightweight, paperback volumes-Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing-packed in a slipcase. The most popular Literature anthology continues to bring students the finest literature from fables to poetweets. The Twelfth Edition of Literature: An Introductiuon to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing,edited by X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia, includes eleven new stories from students' favorite authors: ZZ Packer's "Brownies," Ray Bradbury's, "The Sound of Thunder," Anne Tyler's, "Teenage Wasteland," David Leavitt's, "A Place I've Never Been" and Isabel Allende's "The Judge's Wife." More than 60 new accessible and engaging poems have been added including former Iraqi soldier Brian Turner's "The Hurt Locker," Katha Pollit's "The Mind-Body Problem" as well as poetweets from Lawrence Bridges and Robert Pinsky. In addition, there are new poems from Kay Ryan, Benjamin Alire Saenz, H. D, Gary Snyder, Joy Harjo, Tami Haaland, Robert Hayden, Denise Levertov, and William Carlos Williams. Three new one-act plays help "ease" students into the study of this genre. The new plays include two comedies-- David Ives's, Sure Thingand Jane Martin's Beauty-as well as Edward Bok Lee's experimental drama El Santo Americano. In addition, Milcha Sanchez-Scott's The Cuban Swimmerhas been added .
X. J. Kennedy , after graduation from Seton Hall and Columbia, became a journalist second class in the Navy (“Actually, I was pretty eighth class”). His poems, some published in the New Yorker, were first collected in Nude Descending a Staircase (1961). Since then he has written six more collections, several widely adopted literature and writing textbooks, and seventeen books for children, including two novels. He has taught at Michigan, North Carolina (Greensboro), California (Irvine), Wellesley, Tufts, and Leeds. Cited in Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations and reprinted in some 200 anthologies, his verse has brought him a Guggenheim fellowship, a Lamont Award, a Los Angeles Times Book Prize, an award from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, an Aiken-Taylor prize, the Robert Frost Medal of the Poetry Society of America, and the Award for Poetry for Children from the National Council of Teachers of English. He now lives in Lexington, Massachusetts, where he and his wife Dorothy have collaborated on four books and five children.
Dana Gioia is a poet, critic, and teacher. Born in Los Angeles of Italian and Mexican ancestry, he attended Stanford and Harvard before taking a detour into business. After years of writing and reading late in the evenings after work, he quit a corporate vice presidency to write. He has published four collections of poetry, Daily Horoscope (1986), The Gods of Winter (1991), Interrogations at Noon (2001), which won the American Book Award, and Pity the Beautiful (2012); and three critical volumes, including Can Poetry Matter? (1992), an influential study of poetry’s place in contemporary America. Gioia has taught at Johns Hopkins, Sarah Lawrence, Wesleyan (Connecticut), Mercer, and Colorado College. From 2003-2009 he served as the Chairman of the National Endowments for the Arts. At the NEA he created the largest literary programs in federal history, including Shakespeare in American Communities and Poetry Out Loud, the national high school poetry recitation contest. He also led the campaign to restore active literary reading by creating The Big Read, which helped reverse a quarter century of decline in U.S. reading. He is currently the Judge Widney Professor of Poetry and Public Culture at the University of Southern California.
** = new selection versus prior edition
Contents
Preface
To the Instructor
About the Authors
Fiction
A Conversation with Amy Tan
1 Reading a Story
The Art of Fiction
Types of Short Fiction
W. Somerset Maugham n The Appointment in Samarra
A servant tries to gallop away from Death in this brief sardonic fable retold in memorable form by a popular storyteller.
**Aesop n The Fox and the Grapes
Ever wonder where the phrase “sour grapes” comes from? Find out in this classic fable.
**Bidpai n The Camel and His Friends
With friends like these, you can guess what the camel doesn’t need.
Chuang Tzu n Independence
The Prince of Ch’u asks the philosopher Chuang Tzu to become his advisor and gets a surprising reply in this classic Chinese fable.
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm n Godfather Death
Neither God nor the Devil came to the christening. In this stark folktale,
a young man receives magical powers with a string attached.
Plot
The Short Story
John Updike n A & P
In walk three girls in nothing but bathing suits, and Sammy finds himself no longer an aproned checkout clerk but an armored knight.
Writing Effectively
Writers on Writing
John Updike on Writing n Why Write?
THINKING About Plot
Checklist: writing about plot
Writing Assignment on Plot
More Topics for Writing
Terms for Review
2 Point of View
Identifying Point of View
Types of Narrators
Stream of Consciousness
William Faulkner n A Rose for Emily
Proud, imperious Emily Grierson defied the town from the fortress of her mansion. Who could have guessed the secret that lay within?
**ZZ Packer n Brownies
A brownie troop of African American girls at camp declare war on a rival troop only to discover their humiliating mistake
**Eudora Welty n A Worn Path
When the man said to old Phoenix, “you must be a hundred years old, and scared of nothing,” he might have been exaggerating, but not by much.
James Baldwin n Sonny’s Blues
Two brothers in Harlem see life differently. The older brother is the sensible family man, but Sonny wants to be a jazz musician.
Writing Effectively
James Baldwin on Writing n Race and the African American Writer
THINKING about Point of View
CHECKLIST: Writing about Point of View
Writing Assignment on Point of View
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
3 Character
Types of Characters
Katherine Anne Porter n The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
For sixty years Ellen Weatherall has fought back the memory of that terrible day, but now once more the priest waits in the house.
Nathaniel Hawthorne n Young Goodman Brown
Urged on through deepening woods, a young Puritan sees—or dreams he sees—good villagers hasten toward a diabolic rite
Katherine Mansfield n Miss Brill
Sundays had long brought joy to solitary Miss Brill, until one fateful day when she happened to share a bench with two lovers in the park.
Raymond Carver n Cathedral
He had never expected to find himself trying to describe a cathedral to a blind man. He hadn’t even wanted to meet this odd, old friend of his wife.
Writing Effectively
Raymond Carver on Writing n Commonplace but Precise Language
thinking about character
checklist: Writing about character
Writing Assignment on character
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
4 Setting
Elements of Setting
Historical Fiction
Regionalism
Naturalism
Kate Chopin n The Storm
Even with her husband away, Calixta feels happily, securely married. Why then should she not shelter an old admirer from the rain?
Jack London n To Build a Fire
Seventy-five degrees below zero. Alone except for one mistrustful wolf dog,
a man finds himself battling a relentless force.
**Ray Bradbury n The Sound of Thunder
In 2055, you can go on a Time Safari to hunt dinosaurs 60 million years ago. But put one foot wrong, and suddenly the future’s not what it used to be.
Amy Tan n A Pair of Tickets
A young woman flies with her father to China to meet two half sisters she never knew existed.
Writing Effectively
Amy Tan on Writing n Setting the Voice
THINKING about setting
CHECKLIST: Writing about setting
Writing Assignment on setting
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
5 Tone and Style
Tone
Style
Diction
Ernest Hemingway n A Clean, Well-Lighted Place
All by himself each night, the old man lingers in the bright café. What does he need more than brandy?
William Faulkner n Barn Burning
This time when Ab Snopes wields his blazing torch, his son Sarty faces a dilemma: whether to obey or defy the vengeful old man.
Irony
O. Henry n The Gift of the Magi
A young husband and wife find ingenious ways to buy each other Christmas presents, in the classic story that defines the word “irony.”
** Anne Tyler n Teenage Wasteland
With her troubled son, his teachers, and a peculiar tutor all giving her their own versions of what’s going on with him, what’s a mother to do?
Writing Effectively
Ernest Hemingway on Writing n The Direct Style
THINKING about tone and style
CHECKLIST: Writing about tone and style
Writing Assignment on tone and style
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
6 Theme
Plot vs. Theme
Theme as Unifying Device
Finding the Theme
Stephen Crane n The Open Boat
In a lifeboat circled by sharks, tantalized by glimpses of land, a reporter scrutinizes Fate and learns about comradeship.
Alice Munro n How I Met My Husband
When Edie meets the carnival pilot, her life gets more complicated than she expects.
Luke 15:11–32 n The Parable of the Prodigal Son
A father has two sons. One demands his inheritance now and leaves to spend it with ruinous results.
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. n Harrison Bergeron
Are you handsome? Off with your eyebrows! Are you brainy? Let a transmitter sound thought-shattering beeps inside your ear.
Writing Effectively
Kurt Vonnegut Jr. on Writing n The Themes of Science Fiction
THINKING about theme
CHECKLIST: Writing about theme
Writing Assignment on theme
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
7 Symbol
Allegory
Symbols
Recognizing Symbols
John Steinbeck n The Chrysanthemums
Fenced-in Elisa feels emotionally starved—then her life promises to blossom with the arrival of the scissors-grinding man.
John Cheever n The Swimmer
A man decides to swim home through his neighbors’ pools, but the water turns out to be much deeper than he realized.
Ursula K. Le Guin n The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Omelas is the perfect city. All of its inhabitants are happy. But everyone’s prosperity depends on a hidden evil.
Shirley Jackson n The Lottery
Splintered and faded, the sinister black box had worked its annual terror for longer than anyone in town could remember.
writing effectively
Shirley Jackson on Writing n Biography of a Story
THINKING about symbols
CHECKLIST: Writing about symbols
Writing Assignment on Symbols
Sample Student Paper n an analysis of the symbolism in steinbeck’s “the chrysanthemums”
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
8 Reading Long Stories and Novels
Origins of the Novel
Novelistic Methods
Reading Novels
Leo Tolstoy n The Death of Ivan Ilych
The supreme Russian novelist tells how a petty, ambitious judge, near the end of his wasted life, discovers a harrowing truth.
Franz Kafka n The Metamorphosis
“When Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from troubled dreams, he
found himself transformed in his bed into a monstrous insect.” Kafka’s famous opening sentence introduces one of the most chilling stories in
world literature.
Writing Effectively
Franz Kafka on Writing n Discussing The Metamorphosis
THINKING about long stories and novels
CHECKLIST: Writing about long stories and novels
Writing Assignment for a research paper
Sample Student Paper n Kafka’s greatness
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
9 Latin American Fiction
“El Boom”
Magic Realism
After the Boom
Jorge Luis Borges n The Gospel According to Mark
A young man from Buenos Aires is trapped by a flood on an isolated ranch. To pass the time he reads the Gospel to a family with unforeseen results.
Gabriel García Márquez n A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
What do you do when a worn-out angel crashes in your yard? Sell tickets or call the priest?
**Isabel Allende n The Judge’s Wife
Revenge can take many different forms, but few are as strange as the revenge taken in this passionate tale.
Inés Arredondo n The Shunammite
When Luisa went to visit her dying uncle, she had no idea that her life was about to change forever.
Writing Effectively
Gabriel García Márquez on Writing n My beginnings as a writer
Topics for Writing About “The gospel according to mark”
Topics for Writing About “The Judge’s Wife”
Topics for Writing About “a very old man with enormous wings”
Topics for Writing About “The shunammite”
TERMS for Review
10 Two Critical Casebooks: Edgar Allan Poe and Flannery O’Connor
EDGAR ALLAN POE
The Tell-Tale Heart
The smoldering eye at last extinguished, a murderer finds that, despite all his attempts at a cover-up, his victim will be heard.
** The Cask of Amontillado
His family motto is No one attacks me with impunity, and he takes it very seriously. A tale of twisted vengeance from the master of the macabre.
** The Fall of the House of Usher
A letter from a boyhood friend turns out to be an invitation to a world of horror and doom.
Edgar Allan Poe on Writing
**The Tale and Its Effect
**On Imagination
**The Philosophy of Composition
Critics on Edgar Allan Poe
**Daniel Hoffman n The Father-Figure in “The Tell-Tale Heart”
**Robert Louis Stevenson n Costume in “The Cask of Amontillado”
**Elena V. Baraban n The Motive for Murder in “The Cask of Amontillado”
**Charles Baudelaire n Poe’s Characters
**James Tuttleton n Poe’s Protagonists and the Ideal World
**Carl Moweryn Madness in Poe’s “The Fall of the House of Usher”
FLANNERY O’CONNOR
A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Wanted: The Misfit, a cold-blooded killer. An ordinary family vacation leads to horror—and one moment of redeeming grace.
Revelation
Mrs. Turpin thinks herself Jesus’ favorite child, until she meets a troubled college girl. Soon violence flares in a doctor’s waiting room.
Parker’s Back
A tormented man tries to find his way to God and to his wife—by having himself tattooed.
Flannery O’Connor on Writing
From “On Her Own Work”
On Her Catholic Faith
From “The Grotesque in Southern Fiction”
Yearbook Cartoons
Critics on Flannery O’Connor
J. O. Tate n A Good Source Is Not So Hard to Find: The Real Life Misfit
Mary Jane Schenck n Deconstructing “A Good Man Is Hard to Find”
Louise S. Cowann The Character of Mrs. Turpin in “Revelation”
Kathleen Feeley n The Mystery of Divine Direction: “Parker’s Back”
**Dean Flower n Listening to Flannery O’connor
Writing Effectively
Topics for Writing on EDGAR ALLAN POE
Topics for Writing on FLANNERY O’CONNOR
11 Critical Casebook: Two Stories in Depth
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
The Yellow Wallpaper
A doctor prescribes a “rest cure” for his wife after the birth of their child. The new mother tries to settle in to life in the isolated and mysterious country house they have rented for the summer. The cure proves worse than the disease in this Gothic classic.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman on Writing
Why I Wrote “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Whatever Is
The Nervous Breakdown of Women
Critics on “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Juliann Fleenor n Gender and Pathology in “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar n Imprisonment and Escape: The Psychology of Confinement
Elizabeth Ammons n Biographical Echoes in “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Alice Walker
Everyday Use
When successful Dee visits from the city, she has changed her name to reflect her African roots. Her mother and sister notice other things have changed, too.
Alice Walker on Writing
The Black Woman Writer in America
Reflections on Writing and Women’s Lives
Critics on “Everyday Use”
Barbara T. Christian n “Everyday Use” and the Black Power Movement
**Mary Helen Washington n “Everyday Use” as a Portrait of the Artist
Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker n Stylish vs. Sacred in “Everyday Use”
Elaine Showalter n Quilt as Metaphor in “Everyday Use”
Writing Effectively
Topics for Writing About “Young goodman brown”
Topics for Writing About “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Topics for Writing About “Everyday Use”
12 Stories for Further Reading
Chinua Achebe n Dead Men’s Path
The new headmaster of the village school was determined to fight superstition, but the villagers did not agree.
Sherman Alexie n This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona
The only one who can help Victor when his father dies is a childhood friend he’s been avoiding for years.
Margaret Atwood n Happy Endings
John and Mary meet. What happens next? This witty experimental story offers five different outcomes.
Toni Cade Bambara n The Lesson (See Chapter 47)
Miss Moore takes her boisterous class to an exclusive toy store for a lesson
in real world economics.
Ambrose Bierce n An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
At last, Peyton Farquhar’s neck is in the noose. Reality mingles with dream in this classic story of the American Civil War.
T. Coraghessan Boyle n Greasy Lake 4
Murky and strewn with beer cans, the lake appears a wasteland. On its shore three “dangerous characters” learn a lesson one grim night.
Willa Cather n Paul’s Case
Paul’s teachers can’t understand the boy. Then one day, with stolen cash, he boards a train for New York and the life of his dreams.
Kate Chopin n The Story of an Hour
“There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name.”
Sandra Cisneros n The House on Mango Street
Does where we live tell what we are? A little girl dreams of a new house, but things don’t always turn out the way we want them to.
Ralph Ellison n Battle Royal
A young black man is invited to deliver his high school graduation speech
to a gathering of a Southern town’s leading white citizens. What promises
to be an honor turns into a nightmare of violence, humiliation, and painful self-discovery.
Zora Neale Hurston n Sweat
Delia’s hard work paid for her small house. Now her drunken husband Sykes has promised it to another woman.
James Joyce n Araby
If only he can find her a token, she might love him in return. As night falls,
a Dublin boy hurries to make his dream come true.
Jamaica Kincaid n Girl
“Try to walk like a lady, and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming.” An old-fashioned mother tells her daughter how to live.
Jhumpa Lahiri n Interpreter of Maladies
Mr. Kapasi’s life had settled into a quiet pattern—and then Mrs. Das and her family came into it.
D. H. Lawrence n The Rocking-Horse Winner
Wild-eyed “as if something were going to explode in him,” the boy predicts each winning horse, and gamblers rush to bet a thousand pounds.
**David Leavitt n A Place I’ve Never Been
Nathan could never love Celia the way she wanted him to. Now, after his HIV diagnosis, he must spend the rest of his life in a place she’s never been.
Naguib Mahfouz n The Lawsuit
He thought he'd seen the last of his late father's second wife, but now she's back to trouble his peaceful existence.
Bobbie Ann Mason n Shiloh
After the accident Leroy could no longer work as a truck driver. He hoped to make a new life with his wife, but she seemed strangely different.
Joyce Carol Oates n Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Alone in the house, Connie finds herself helpless before the advances of a spellbinding imitation teenager, Arnold Friend.
Tim O’Brien n The Things They Carried
What each soldier carried into the combat zone was largely determined by necessity, but each man’s necessities differed.
** Daniel Orozco n Orientation
Imagine an episode of The Office cowritten by Franz Kafka and Stephen King. No one needs a job this badly.
Tobias Wolff n The Rich Brother
Blood may be thicker than water, but sometimes the tension between brothers is thicker than blood.
Virginia Woolf n A Haunted House
Whatever hour you woke a door was shutting. From room to room the ghostly couple walked, hand in hand.
Poetry
A Conversation with Kay Ray
13 Reading a Poem
Poetry or Verse
Reading a Poem
Paraphrase
William Butler Yeats n The Lake Isle of Innisfree
Lyric Poetry
Robert Hayden n Those Winter Sundays
Adrienne Rich n Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers
Narrative Poetry
Anonymous n Sir Patrick Spence
Robert Frost n “Out, Out—”
Dramatic Poetry
Robert Browning n My Last Duchess
Didactic Poetry
Writing Effectively
Adrienne Rich on Writing n Recalling “Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers”
thinking about Paraphrase
William Stafford n Ask Me
William Stafford n A Paraphrase of “Ask Me”
Checklist: Writing a Paraphrase
Writing Assignment on Paraphrasing
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
14 Listening to a Voice
Tone
Theodore Roethke n My Papa’s Waltz
Countee Cullen n For a Lady I Know
Anne Bradstreet n The Author to Her Book
Walt Whitman n To a Locomotive in Winter
Emily Dickinson n I like to see it lap the Miles
**Benjamin Alire Saenz, To the Desert
**Gwendolyn Brooks n Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-Toward
Weldon Kees n For My Daughter
The Person in the Poem
Natasha Trethewey n White Lies
Edwin Arlington Robinson n Luke Havergal
Ted Hughes n Hawk Roosting
**Anonymous n Dog Haiku
William Wordsworth n I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
Dorothy Wordsworth n Journal Entry
James Stephens n A Glass of Beer
Anne Sexton n Her Kind
William Carlos Williams n The Red Wheelbarrow
Irony
Robert Creeley n Oh No
W. H. Auden n The Unknown Citizen
Sharon Olds n Rites of Passage
**Julie Sheehan, Hate Poem
Sarah N. Cleghorn n The Golf Links
Edna St. Vincent Millay n Second Fig
Thomas Hardy n The Workbox
For Review and Further Study
William Blake n The Chimney Sweeper
**William Jay Smith, American Primitive
**David Lehman n Rejection Slip
William Stafford n At the Un-National Monument Along the Canadian Border
Richard Lovelace n To Lucasta
Wilfred Owen n Dulce et Decorum Est
Writing Effectively
Wilfred Owen on Writing n War Poetry
thinking About TONE
Checklist: writing about Tone
Writing Assignment on Tone
Sample Student Paper n Word Choice, Tone, and Point of View in Roethke’s “My Papa’s Waltz”
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
15 Words
Literal Meaning: What a Poem Says First
William Carlos Williams n This Is Just to Say
Diction
Marianne Moore n Silence
Robert Graves n Down, Wanton, Down!
John Donne n Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You
The Value of a Dictionary
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow n Aftermath
** Kay Ryan n Mockingbird
J. V. Cunningham n Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead
** Samuel Menashe n Bread
Carl Sandburg n Grass
Word Choice and Word Order
Robert Herrick n Upon Julia’s Clothes
Kay Ryan n Blandeur
Thomas Hardy n The Ruined Maid
Richard Eberhart n The Fury of Aerial Bombardment
Wendy Cope n Lonely Hearts
For Review and Further Study
E. E. Cummings n anyone lived in a pretty how town
Billy Collins n The Names
** Christian Wiman n When the Time’s Toxin
Anonymous n Carnation Milk
Gina Valdés n English con Salsa
Lewis Carroll n Jabberwocky
Writing Effectively
Lewis Carroll n Humpty Dumpty Explicates “Jabberwocky”
thinking About Diction
Checklist: writing About diction
Writing Assignment on Word Choice
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
16 Saying and Suggesting
Denotation and Connotation
John Masefield n Cargoes
William Blake n London
Wallace Stevens n Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock
** Gwendolyn Brooks n The Bean Eaters
Timothy Steele n Epitaph
E. E. Cummings n next to of course god america i
Robert Frost n Fire and Ice
Diane Thiel n The Minefield
** H.D. n Storm
Alfred, Lord Tennyson n Tears, Idle Tears
Richard Wilbur n Love Calls Us to the Things of This World
Writing Effectively
Richard Wilbur on Writing n Concerning “Love Calls Us to the Things of This World”
thinking About Denotation and Connotation
Checklist: writing about What a Poem SAYS AND Suggests
Writing Assignment on Denotation and Connotation
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
17 Imagery
Ezra Pound n In a Station of the Metro
Taniguchi Buson n The piercing chill I feel
Imagery
T. S. Eliot n The winter evening settles down
Theodore Roethke n Root Cellar
Elizabeth Bishop n The Fish
Charles Simic n Fork
Emily Dickinson n A Route of Evanescence
Jean Toomer n Reapers
Gerard Manley Hopkins n Pied Beauty
About Haiku
Arakida Moritake n The falling flower
Matsuo Basho n Heat-lightning streak
Matsuo Basho n In the old stone pool
Taniguchi Buson n On the one-ton temple bell
Taniguchi Buson n Moonrise on mudflats
Kobayashi Issa n only one guy
Kobayashi Issa n Cricket
Haiku from Japanese Internment Camps
**Suiko Matsushita n Rain shower from mountain
Suiko Matsushita n Cosmos in bloom
Hakuro Wada n Even the croaking of frogs
**Neiji Ozawa n The war—this year
Contemporary Haiku
Etheridge Knightn Making jazz swing in
**Gary Snyder n After weeks of watching the roof leak
Penny Harter n broken bowl
Jennifer Brutschy n Born Again
**Adelle Foley n Learning to Shave
Garry Gay n Hole in the ozone
For Review and Further Study
John Keats n Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art
Walt Whitman n The Runner
**H.D. n Oread
William Carlos Williams n El Hombre
Robert Bly n Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter
Billy Collins n Embrace
**Chana Bloch n Tired Sex
**Gary Snyder n Mid-August at Sourdough Mountain
Kevin Prufer n Pause, Pause
Stevie Smith n Not Waving but Drowning
Writing Effectively
Ezra Pound on Writing n The Image
thinking About Imagery
Checklist: Writing about imagery
Writing Assignment on Imagery
Sample Student Paper n FADED BEAUTY: Elizabeth Bishop’s Use of Imagery in “The Fish”
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
18 Figures of Speech
Why Speak Figuratively?
Alfred, Lord Tennyson n The Eagle
William Shakespeare n Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Howard Moss n Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?
Metaphor and Simile
Emily Dickinson n My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun
Alfred, Lord Tennyson n Flower in the Crannied Wall
William Blake n To see a world in a grain of sand
Sylvia Plath n Metaphors
N. Scott Momaday n Simile
Emily Dickinson n It dropped so low – in my Regard
Jill Alexander Essbaum n The Heart
Craig Raine n A Martian Sends a Postcard Home
Other Figures of Speech
James Stephens n The Wind
Robinson Jeffers n Hands
Margaret Atwood n You fit into me
George Herbert n The Pulley
Dana Gioia n Money
Carl Sandburg n Fog
Charles Simic n My Shoes
For Review and Further Study
Robert Frost n The Silken Tent
Jane Kenyon n The Suitor
Robert Frost n The Secret Sits
A. R. Ammons n Coward
Kay Ryan n Turtle
**Emily Brontë n Love and Friendship
**April Lindner n Low Tide
Robert Burns n Oh, my love is like a red, red rose
Writing Effectively
Robert Frost on Writing n The Importance of Poetic Metaphor
thinking About Metaphors
Checklist: writing about metaphors
Writing Assignment on Figures of Speech
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
19 Song
Singing and Saying
Ben Jonson n To Celia
James Weldon Johnson n Sence You Went Away
** William Shakespeare n Fear no more the heat o’ the sun
Edwin Arlington Robinson n Richard Cory
Paul Simon n Richard Cory
Ballads
Anonymous n Bonny Barbara Allan
Dudley Randall n Ballad of Birmingham
Blues
Bessie Smith with Clarence Williams n Jailhouse Blues
W. H. Auden n Funeral Blues
Kevin Young n Late Blues
Rap
For Review and Further Study
Bob Dylan n The Times They Are a-Changin’
Aimee Mann n Deathly
Writing Effectively
**Bob Dylan on Writing n Excerpt from Dylan’s Chronicles
thinking About POETRY and Song
Checklist: writing about song lyrics
Writing Assignment on Song Lyrics
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
20 Sound
Sound as Meaning
Alexander Pope n True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance
William Butler Yeats n Who Goes with Fergus?
John Updike n Recital
William Wordsworth n A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
Aphra Behn n When maidens are young
Alliteration and Assonance
A. E. Housman n Eight O’Clock
James Joyce n All day I hear
Alfred, Lord Tennyson n The splendor falls on castle walls
Rime
William Cole n On my boat on Lake Cayuga
Hilaire Belloc n The Hippopotamus
**Bob Kaufman n No More Jazz at Alcatraz
William Butler Yeats n Leda and the Swan
Gerard Manley Hopkins n God’s Grandeur
Robert Frost n Desert Places
Reading and Hearing Poems Aloud
Michael Stillman n In Memoriam John Coltrane
**William Shakespeare n Hark, hark, the lark
Kevin Young n Doo Wop
T. S. Eliot n Virginia
Writing Effectively
T. S. Eliot on Writing n The Music of Poetry
thinking About a poem’s Sound
Checklist: Writing about a Poem’s sound
Writing Assignment on Sound
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
21 Rhythm
Stresses and Pauses
Gwendolyn Brooks n We Real Cool
Alfred, Lord Tennyson n Break, Break, Break
Ben Jonson n Slow, slow, fresh fount, keep time with my salt tears
Dorothy Parker n Résumé
Meter
Edna St. Vincent Millay n Counting-out Rhyme
**Edith Sitwell n Mariner Man
A. E. Housman n When I was one-and-twenty
William Carlos Williams n Smell!
Walt Whitman n Beat! Beat! Drums!
David Mason n Song of the Powers
Langston Hughes n Dream Boogie
Writing Effectively
Gwendolyn Brooks on Writing n Hearing “We Real Cool”
thinking About Rhythm
Checklist: scanning a poem
Writing Assignment on Rhythm
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
22 Closed Form
Formal Patterns
John Keats n This living hand, now warm and capable
Robert Graves n Counting the Beats
John Donne n Song (“Go and catch a falling star”)
Phillis Levin n Brief Bio
The Sonnet
William Shakespeare n Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Michael Drayton n Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and part
Edna St. Vincent Millay n What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why
Robert Frost n Acquainted with the Night
Kim Addonizio n First Poem for You
Mark Jarman n Unholy Sonnet: After the Praying
A. E. Stallings n Sine Qua Non
**Amit Majmudar n Rites to Allay the Dead
R. S. Gwynn n Shakespearean Sonnet
The Epigram
Alexander Pope n Epigram Engraved on the Collar of a Dog
Sir John Harrington n Of Treason
**William Blake n To H—
Langston Hughes n Two Somewhat Different Epigrams
**Dorothy Parker n The Actress
J. V. Cunningham n This Humanist
John Frederick Nims n Contemplation
Anonymous n Epitaph of a dentist
Hilaire Belloc n Fatigue
Wendy Cope n Variation on Belloc’s “Fatigue”
**Poetweets
**Lawrence Bridges n Two Poetweets
**Robert Pinsky n Low Pay Piecework
Other Forms
Dylan Thomas n Do not go gentle into that good night
Robert Bridges n Triolet
Elizabeth Bishop n Sestina
Writing Effectively
A. E. Stallings on Writing n On Form and Artifice
thinking About a sonnet
Checklist: Writing about a sonnet
Writing Assignment on a Sonnet
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
23 Open Form
Denise Levertov n Ancient Stairway
Free Verse
E. E. Cummings n Buffalo Bill ’s
W. S. Merwin n For the Anniversary of My Death
William Carlos Williams n The Dance
**Stephen Crane n The Wayfarer
Walt Whitman n Cavalry Crossing a Ford
**Ezra Pound n The Garden
Wallace Stevens n Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
Prose Poetry
Charles Simic n The Magic Study of Happiness
** Joy Harjo, Mourning Song
Visual Poetry
George Herbert n Easter Wings
John Hollander n Swan and Shadow
Concrete Poetry
Richard Kostelanetz, Ramón Gómez de la Serna n Simultaneous Translations
Dorthi Charles n Concrete Cat
For Review and Further Study
E. E. Cummings n in Just-
**Francisco X. Alarcón n Frontera / Border
Carole Satyamurti n I Shall Paint My Nails Red
**David St. John n Hush
Alice Fulton n What I Like
Writing Effectively
Walt Whitman on Writing n The Poetry of the Future
thinking About Free Verse
Checklist: Writing about Line Breaks
Writing Assignment on Open Form
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
24 Symbol
The Meanings of a Symbol
T. S. Eliot n The Boston Evening Transcript
Emily Dickinson n The Lightning is a yellow Fork
The Symbolist Movement
Identifying Symbols
Thomas Hardy n Neutral Tones
Allegory
Matthew :– n The Parable of the Good Seed
**George Herbert n Redemption
**Suji Kwock Kim n Occupation
Robert Frost n The Road Not Taken
**Antonio Machado n The Traveler
Christina Rossetti n Uphill
For Review and Further Study
**William Carlos Williams n The Young Housewife
Ted Kooser n Carrie
Mary Oliver n Wild Geese
**Tami Haaland n Lipstick
Lorine Niedecker n Popcorn-can cover
Wallace Stevens n The Snow Man
Wallace Stevens n Anecdote of the Jar
Writing Effectively
William Butler Yeats on Writing n Poetic Symbols
thinking About Symbols
Checklist: writing about symbols
Writing Assignment on Symbolism
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
25 Myth and Narrative
Origins of Myth
Robert Frost n Nothing Gold Can Stay
William Wordsworth n The world is too much with us
H. D. n Helen
** Edgar Allan Poe n To Helen
Archetype
Louise Bogan n Medusa
John Keats n La Belle Dame sans Merci
Personal Myth
William Butler Yeats n The Second Coming
Gregory Orr n Two Lines from the Brothers Grimm
Myth and Popular Culture
Charles Martin n Taken Up
A. E. Stallings n First Love: A Quiz
Anne Sexton n Cinderella
Writing Effectively
Anne Sexton on Writing n Transforming Fairy Tales
THINKING ABOUT MYTH
Checklist: WRITINg About Myth
Writing Assignment on Myth
Sample Student Paper n The Bonds Between Love and Hatred in H. D.’s “Helen”
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
26 Poetry and Personal Identity
Confessional Poetry
Sylvia Plath n Lady Lazarus
Identity Poetics
Rhina Espaillat n Bilingual/Bilingüe
Culture, Race, and Ethnicity
Claude McKay n America
**Shirley Geok-lin Lim n Riding Into California
Francisco X. Alarcón n The X in My Name
Judith Ortiz Cofer n Quiñceañera
Sherman Alexie n The Powwow at the End of the World
Yusef Komunyakaa n Facing It
Gender
Anne Stevenson n Sous-Entendu
**Carolyn Kizer n Bitch
**Rafael Campo n For J. W.
Donald Justice n Men at Forty
Adrienne Rich n Women
For Review and Further Study
**Katha Pollitt n Mind-Body Problem
**Andrew Hudgins n Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead
**Brian Turner n The Hurt Locker
Philip Larkin n Aubade
Writing Effectively
Rhina Espaillat on Writing n Being a Bilingual Writer
THINKING About Poetic Voice and Identity
ChecklisT: WRITING ABOUT VOICE AND Personal IDENTITY
Writing Assignment on Personal Identity
More Topics for Writing
27 Translation
Is Poetic Translation Possible?
World Poetry
Li Po n Yue Xia Du Zhuo (Chinese text)
Li Po n Moon-Beneath Alone Drink (l iteral translation)
Translated by Arthur Waley n Drinking Alone by Moonlight
Comparing Translations
Horace n “Carpe Diem” Ode (Latin text)
Horace n “Carpe Diem” Ode (literal translation)
Translated by Edwin Arlington Robinson n Horace to Leuconoe
Translated by A. E. Stallings n A New Year’s Toast
Translating Form
Omar Khayyam n Rubai XII (Persian text)
Omar Khayyam n Rubai XII (literal translation)
Translated by Edward FitzGerald n A Book of Verses underneath the Bough
Translated by Dick Davis n I Need a Bare Sufficiency
Omar Khayyam n Rubaiyat
Translated by Edward FitzGerald n Come, fill the Cup, and in the fire of Spring
Translated by Edward FitzGerald n Some for the Glories of this World
Translated by Edward FitzGerald n The Moving Finger writes
Translated by Edward FitzGerald n Ah Love! could you and I with Him conspire
Parody
Anonymous n We four lads from Liverpool are
Hugh Kingsmill n What, still alive at twenty-two?
** Andrea Paterson n Because I Could Not Dump
** Harryette Mullen n Dim Lady
Gene Fehler n If Richard Lovelace Became a Free Agent
Aaron Abeyta n thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla
Writing Effectively
Arthur Waley on Writing n The Method of Translation
THINKING ABOUT Parody
Checklist: WRITING A PARODY
Writing Assignment on Parody
More Topics for Writing
28 Poetry in Spanish: Literature of Latin America
Sor Juana n Presente en que el Cariño Hace Regalo la Llaneza
Translated by Diane Thiel n A Simple Gift Made Rich by Affection
Pablo Neruda n Muchos Somos
Translated by Alastair Reid n We Are Many
**Jorge Luis Borges n On his blindness
Translated by Robert Mezey n On His Blindness
Octavio Paz n Con los ojos cerrados
Translated by Eliot Weinberger n With eyes closed
Surrealism in Latin American Poetry
Frida Kahlo n The Two Fridas
César Vallejo n La cólera que quiebra al hombre en niños
Translated by Thomas Merton n Anger
Contemporary Mexican Poetry
José Emilio Pacheco n Alta Traición
Translated by Alastair Reid n High Treason
Tedi López Mills n Convalecencia
Translated by Cheryl Clark n Convalescence
**Pedro Serrano n Golondrinas
Translated by Anna Crowe n Swallows
Alastair Reid on Writing n Translating Neruda
Writing Assignment on Spanish Poetry
More Topics for Writing
29 Recognizing Excellence
Anonymous n O Moon, when I gaze on thy beautiful face
Emily Dickinson n A Dying Tiger – moaned for Drink
Sentimentality
Rod McKuen n Thoughts on Capital Punishment
William Stafford n Traveling Through the Dark
Recognizing Excellence
William Butler Yeats n Sailing to Byzantium
Arthur Guiterman n On the Vanity of Earthly Greatness
Percy Bysshe Shelley n Ozymandias
**Robert Hayden n Frederick Douglass
Elizabeth Bishop n One Art
**John Keats n Ode to a Nightingale
Walt Whitman n O Captain! My Captain!
Dylan Thomas n In My Craft or Sullen Art
Paul Laurence Dunbar n We Wear the Mask
Emma Lazarus n The New Colossus
Edgar Allan Poe n Annabel Lee
Writing Effectively
Edgar Allan Poe on Writing n A Long Poem Does Not Exist
THINKING ABOUT Evaluating a Poem
Checklist: WRITING AN EVALUATION
Writing Assignment on Evaluating a Poem
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
30 What Is Poetry?
Archibald MacLeish n Ars Poetica
Dante, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, Emily Dickinson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Mina Loy, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, José Garcia Villa, Christopher Fry, Elizabeth Bishop, Joy Harjo, Octavio Paz, Denise Levertov, Lucille Clifton, Charles Simic n Some Definitions of Poetry –
31 Two Critical Casebooks:
Emily Dickinson and Langston Hughes
Emily Dickinson
Success is counted sweetest
**I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed
Wild Nights – Wild Nights!
I Felt a Funeral, in my Brain
I’m Nobody! Who are you?
The Soul selects her own Society
Some keep the Sabbath going to Church
After great pain, a formal feeling comes
Much Madness is divinest Sense
This is my letter to the World
I heard a Fly buzz – when I died
Because I could not stop for Death
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant
**There is no Frigate like a Book
Emily Dickinson on Emily Dickinson
Recognizing Poetry
Self-Description
Critics on Emily Dickinson
Thomas Wentworth Higginson n Meeting Emily Dickinson
Thomas H. Johnson n The Discovery of Emily Dickinson’s Manuscripts
Richard Wilbur n The Three Privations of Emily Dickinson
Cynthia Griffin Wolff n Dickinson and Death (A Reading of “Because I could not stop for Death”)
Judith Farr n A Reading of “My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun”
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar n The Freedom of Emily Dickinson
Langston Hughes
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
My People
Mother to Son
Dream Variations
I, Too
The Weary Blues
Song for a Dark Girl
Prayer
Ballad of the Landlord
Theme for English B
**Nightmare Boogie
Harlem [Dream Deferred]
Homecoming
Langston Hughes on Langston Hughes
The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain
The Harlem Renaissance
Critics on Langston Hughes
Arnold Rampersad n Hughes as an Experimentalist
Rita Dove and Marilyn Nelson n Langston Hughes and Harlem
Darryl Pinckney n Black Identity in Langston Hughes
Peter Townsend n Langston Hughes and Jazz
Onwuchekwa Jemie n A Reading of “Dream Deferred”
Topics for Writing About Emily Dickinson
Topics for Writing About Langston hughes
32 Critical Casebook: T. S. Eliot’s “The Love Song
of J. Alfred Prufrock”
T. S. Eliot
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Publishing “Prufrock”
The Reviewers on Prufrock
Unsigned n Review from Times Literary Supplement
Unsigned n Review from Literary World
Conrad Aiken n From “Divers Realists,” The Dial
Babette Deutsch n from “Another Impressionist,” The New Republic
Marianne Moore n From “A Note on T. S. Eliot’s Book,” Poetry
May Sinclair n From “Prufrock and Other Observations: A Criticism,” The Little Review
T. S. Eliot on Writing
Poetry and Emotion
The Objective Correlative
The Difficulty of Poetry
Critics on “Prufrock”
Denis Donoghue n One of the Irrefutable Poets
Christopher Ricks n What’s in a Name?
Philip R. Headings n The Pronouns in the Poem: “One,” “You,” and “I”
Maud Ellmann n Will There Be Time?
Burton Raffel n “Indeterminacy” in Eliot’s Poetry
John Berryman n Prufrock’s Dilemma
M. L. Rosenthal n Adolescents Singing
Topics for Writing
33 Poems for Further Reading
Anonymous n Lord Randall
Anonymous n The Three Ravens
Anonymous n Last Words of the Prophet
Matthew Arnold n Dover Beach
John Ashbery n At North Farm
Margaret Atwood n Siren Song
W. H. Auden n As I Walked Out One Evening
W. H. Auden n Musée des Beaux Arts
Jimmy Baca n Spliced Wire
Elizabeth Bishop n Filling Station
William Blake n The Tyger
William Blake n The Sick Rose
Gwendolyn Brooks n The Mother
Gwendolyn Brooks n The Rites for Cousin Vit
Elizabeth Barrett Browning n How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways
Robert Browning n Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister
Charles Bukowski n Dostoevsky
**Lorna Dee Cervantes n Cannery Town in August
Geoffrey Chaucer n Merciless Beauty
John Ciardi n Most Like an Arch This Marriage
Samuel Taylor Coleridge n Kubla Khan
Billy Collins n Care and Feeding
Hart Crane n My Grandmother’s Love Letters
E. E. Cummings n somewhere i have never travelled,gladly beyond
Marisa de los Santos n Perfect Dress
John Donne n Death be not proud
John Donne n The Flea
John Donne n A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
Rita Dove n Daystar
T. S. Eliot n Journey of the Magi
Robert Frost n Birches
Robert Frost n Mending Wall
Robert Frost n Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Allen Ginsberg n A Supermarket in California
Thomas Hardy n The Convergence of the Twain
Thomas Hardy n The Darkling Thrush
Thomas Hardy n Hap
Seamus Heaney n Digging
Anthony Hecht n The Vow
George Herbert n Love
Robert Herrick n To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Tony Hoagland n Beauty
Gerard Manley Hopkins n Spring and Fall
Gerard Manley Hopkins n The Windhover
A. E. Housman n Loveliest of trees, the cherry now
A. E. Housman n To an Athlete Dying Young
Randall Jarrell n The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
**Robinson Jeffers n Rock and Hawk
Ha Jin n Missed Time
Ben Jonson n On My First Son
Donald Justice n On the Death of Friends in Childhood
John Keats n Ode on a Grecian Urn
John Keats n When I have fears that I may cease to be
John Keats n To Autumn
Ted Kooser n Abandoned Farmhouse
Philip Larkin n Home is so Sad
Philip Larkin n Poetry of Departures
D. H. Lawrence n Piano
**Denise Levertov n O Taste and See
Shirley Geok-lin Lim n Learning to Love America
Robert Lowell n Skunk Hour
Andrew Marvell n To His Coy Mistress
Edna St. Vincent Millay n Recuerdo
John Milton n When I consider how my light is spent
Marianne Moore n Poetry
Marilyn Nelson n A Strange Beautiful Woman
Howard Nemerov n The War in the Air
Lorine Niedecker n Sorrow Moves in Wide Waves
Sharon Olds n The One Girl at the Boys’ Party
Wilfred Owen n Anthem for Doomed Youth
Sylvia Plath n Daddy
Edgar Allan Poe n A Dream within a Dream
Alexander Pope n A little Learning is a dang’rous Thing
Ezra Pound n The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter
Dudley Randall n A Different Image
John Crowe Ransom n Piazza Piece
Henry Reed n Naming of Parts
Adrienne Rich n Living in Sin
Edwin Arlington Robinson n Miniver Cheevy
Theodore Roethke n Elegy for Jane
William Shakespeare n When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyes
William Shakespeare n That time of year thou mayst in me behold
**William Shakespeare n When to the sessions of sweet silent thought
William Shakespeare n My mistress’ eyes are nothing likethe sun
Charles Simic n The Butcher Shop
Christopher Smart n For I will consider my Cat Jeoffry
Cathy Song n Stamp Collecting
William Stafford n The Farm on the Great Plains
Wallace Stevens n The Emperor of Ice-Cream
Jonathan Swift n A Description of the Morning
Alfred, Lord Tennyson n Ulysses
Dylan Thomas n Fern Hill
John Updike n Ex-Basketball Player
**Derek Walcott n Sea Grapes
**Margaret Walker n For Malcolm X
Edmund Waller n Go, Lovely Rose
Walt Whitman n from Song of the Open Road
Walt Whitman n I Hear America Singing
Richard Wilbur n The Writer
William Carlos Williams n Spring and All
**William Carlos Williams n Queen-Anne’s-Lace
William Wordsworth n Composed upon Westminster Bridge
James Wright n Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio
Mary Sidney Wroth n In this strange labyrinth
Sir Thomas Wyatt n They flee from me that sometime did me sekë
William Butler Yeats n Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop
William Butler Yeats n The Magi
William Butler Yeats n When You Are Old
Drama
A Conversation with David Ives
34 Reading a Play
Theatrical Conventions
Elements of a Play
Susan Glaspell n Trifles
Was Minnie Wright to blame for the death of her husband? While the menfolk try to unravel a mystery, two women in the kitchen turn up revealing clues.
Analyzing Trifles
Writing Effectively
Susan Glaspell on Writing n Creating Trifles
THINKING About a play
CHECKLIST: Writing about a play
Writing Assignment on Conflict
Sample Student Paper n Outside Trifles
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for review
35 Modes of Drama: Tragedy and Comedy
Tragedy
Christopher Marlowe n Scene From Doctor Faustus (Act 2, Scene 1)
In this scene from the classic drama, a brilliant scholar sells his soul to the devil. How smart is that?
Comedy
**David Ives n Sure Thing
Bill wants to pick up Betty in a cafe, but he makes every mistake in the book. Luckily, he not only gets a second chance, but a third and a fourth as well.
Writing Effectively
David Ives on Writing n On the one-act play
thinking about comedy
checklist: Writing about comedy
Writing Assignment on comedy
Topics for Writing About tragedy
Topics for Writing About Comedy
Terms for Review
36 Critical Casebook: Sophocles
The Theater of Sophocles
The Civic Role of Greek Drama
Aristotle’s Concept of Tragedy
Sophocles
The Origins of Oedipus the King
Sophocles n Oedipus the King (Translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)
“Who is the man proclaimed / by Delphi’s prophetic rock / as the bloody handed murderer / the doer of deeds that none dare name? / . . . Terrribly close on his heels are the Fates that never miss.”
The Background of Antigonê
Sophocles n Antigoné (Translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)
In one of the great plays of classical Greek drama, a daughter of Oedipus strives to give the body of her slain brother a proper burial. Soon she finds herself in conflict with a king.
Critics on Sophocles
Aristotle n Defining Tragedy
Sigmund Freud n The Destiny of Oedipus
E. R. Dodds n On Misunderstanding Oedipus
A. E. Haigh n The Irony of Sophocles
David Wiles n The Chorus as Democrat
Patricia M. Lines n what is Antigon é’s Flaw?
Writing Effectively
Writers on Writing
Robert Fitzgerald n Translating Sophocles into English
THINKING About Greek Tragedy
CHECKLIST: writing about greek drama
Writing Assignment on Sophocles
More Topics for Writing
Terms for Review
37Critical Casebook: Shakespeare
The Theater of Shakespeare
William Shakespeare
A Note on Othello
William Shakespeare n Othello, the Moor of Venice
Here is a story of jealousy, that “green-eyed monster which doth mock / The meat it feeds on”—of a passionate, suspicious man and his blameless wife, of a serpent masked as a friend.
The Background of Hamlet
William Shakespeare n Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
In perhaps the most celebrated play in English, a ghost demands that young Prince Hamlet avenge his father’s “most foul and unnatural murder.” But how can Hamlet be sure that the apparition is indeed his father’s spirit?
The Background of A Midsummer Night’s Dream
William Shakespeare n A Midsummer Night’s Dream
“The course of true love never did run smooth” is the right motto for this romantic comedy in which love, magic, and mistaken identity combine for madcap results.
Critics on Shakespeare
Anthony Burgess n An Asian Culture Looks at Shakespeare 1658
W. H. Auden n Iago as a Triumphant Villain 1664
Maud Bodkin n Lucifer in Shakespeare’s Othello 1665
Virginia Mason Vaughan n Black and White in Othello 1665
A. C. Bradley n Hamlet’s Melancholy 1659
Rebecca West n Hamlet and Ophelia 1660
Jan Kott n Producing Hamlet 1662
**Johann von Goethe n Hamlet as a Hero Unfit for his Destiny
**Edgar Allan Poe n Hamlet as a Fictional Character
Clare Asquith n Shakespeare’s Language as a Hidden Political Code 1666
Germaine Greer n Shakespeare’s “Honest Mirth” 1667
Linda Bamber n Female Power in A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1668
Writing Effectively
Ben Jonson on Writing n On His Friend and Rival William Shakespeare 1669
*Understanding Shakespeare
*Checklist:writing about shakespeare
Writing Assignment on Tragedy 1671
Student Paper n Othello: Tragedy or Soap Opera? 1671
More Topics for Writing 1676
38 The Modern Theater 1677
Realism
Naturalism
Symbolism and Expressionism
American Modernism
Henrik Ibsen n A Doll’s House (Translated by R. Farquharson Sharp, Revised by Viktoria Michelsen)
The founder of modern drama portrays a troubled marriage. Helmer, the bank manager, regards his wife Nora as a “little featherbrain”—not knowing the truth may shatter his smug world.
Henrik Ibsen on Writing n Correspondence on the Final Scene of A Doll’s House 1735
Tennessee Williams n The Glass Menagerie 1836
Painfully shy and retiring, shunning love, Laura dwells in a world as fragile as her collection of tiny figurines—until one memorable night a gentleman comes to call.
Tennessee Williams on Writing n How to Stage The Glass Menagerie
Tragicomedy and the Absurd
Return to Realism
Experimental Drama
**Milcha Sanchez-Scott n The Cuban Swimmer
Nineteen-year-old Margarita Suárez wants to win a Southern California distance swimming race. Is her family behind her? Quite literally!
Milcha Sanchez-Scott on Writing n Writing The Cuban Swimmer
Documentary Drama
Anna Deavere Smithn Scenes from Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992
The violence that tore apart a city, in the words of those who were there.
Anna Deavere Smith on Writing n A Call to the Community 1833
Writing Effectively
THINKING About Dramatic Realism
CHECKLIST: writing about realism
Writing Assignment on Realism
Student Essay n Helmer vs. Helmer
More Topics for Writing
Terms for Review
39 Evaluating a Play 1759
Judging a Play 1677
CHECKLIST: Evaluating a play
Writing Assignment on Evaluation 1761
More Topics for Writing 1761
40 Plays for Further Reading 1763
David Henry Hwang n The Sound of a Voice 1976
A strange man arrives at a solitary woman’s home in the remote countryside. As they fall in love, they discover disturbing secrets about one another’s past.
David Henry Hwang on Writing n Multicultural Theater
**Edward Bok Lee n El Santo Americano
A wrestler and his unhappy wife drive through the desert to a surprising conclusion.
Edward Bok Lee on Writing
**Jane Martin n Beauty
We’ve all wanted to be someone else at one time or another But what would happen if we got our wish?
Arthur Miller n Death of a Salesman 1763
Willy Loman has bright dreams for himself and his two sons, but he is an aging salesman whose only assets are a shoeshine and a smile. A modern classic about the downfall of an ordinary American.
Arthur Miller on Writing n Tragedy and the Common Man
August Wilson n Fences 1996
A proud man’s love for his family is choked by his rigidity and self-righteousness, in this powerful drama by a great American playwright of our time.
August Wilson on Writing n A Look into Black America
Writing
41 Writing About Literature
Read Actively
Robert Frost n Nothing Gold Can Stay
Plan Your Essay
Pre-Writing: Discover Your Ideas
Sample Student Prewriting Exercises
Develop a Literary Argument
Checklist
Developing an Argument
Write a Rough Draft
Sample Student Paper n Rough Draft
Revise Your Draft
Checklist
Revising Your Draft
Some Final Advice on Rewriting
Sample Student Paper n revised Draft
Document Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
The Form of Your Finished Paper
Spell-Check and Grammar-Check Programs
Anonymous (after a poem by Jerrold H. Zar) n A Little Poem Regarding Computer Spell Checkers
42 Writing About a Story
Read Actively
Think About the Story
Pre-Writing: Discover Your Ideas
Sample Student Prewriting Exercises
Write a Rough Draft
Checklist
Writing a Rough Draft
Revise Your Draft
Checklist
Revising Your Draft
What’s Your Purpose? Common Approaches to Writing About Fiction
explication
Sample Student Paper, Explication
analysis
Sample Student Paper, Analysis
the card report
Sample Student Card Report
comparison and contrast
Sample Student Paper, Comparison and Contrast
Response paper
Sample Student Response Paper
Topics for Writing
43 Writing About a Poem
Read Actively
Robert Frost n Design
Think About the Poem
Pre-Writing: Discover Your Ideas
Sample Student Prewriting Exercises
Write a Rough Draft
Checklist
Writing a Rough Draft
Revise Your Draft
Checklist
Revising Your Draft
Common Approaches to Writing About Poetry
explication
Sample Student Paper, Explication
a critic’s explication of frost’s “design”
analysis
Sample Student Paper, Analysis
comparison and contrast
Abbie Huston Evans n Wing-Spread
Sample Student Paper, Comparison and Contrast
How to Quote a Poem
Topics for Writing
Robert Frost n In White
44 Writing About a Play
Read Critically
Common Approaches to Writing About Drama
explication
analysis
comparison and contrast
card report
Sample Student Card Report
drama review
Sample Student Drama Review
How to Quote a Play
Topics for Writing
45 Writing a Research Paper
Browse the Research
Choose a Topic
Begin Your Research
Print Resources
Online Databases
Reliable Web Sources
Checklist
Finding Reliable Sources
Visual Images
Checklist
Using Visual Images
Evaluate Your Sources
Print Resources
Web Resources
Checklist
Evaluating Your Sources
Organize Your Research
Refine Your Thesis
Organize Your Paper
Write and Revise
Maintain Academic Integrity
Acknowledge All Sources
quotations
Citing Ideas
Document Sources Using MLA Style
Parenthetical References
Works Cited List
Citing Print Sources in MLA Style
Citing WeB Sources in MLA Style
Sample List of Works Cited
Endnotes and Footnotes
Reference Guide for Citations
46 Writing as Discovery: Keeping a Journal
The Rewards of Keeping a Journal
Sample Journal Entry
Sample Student Journal
47 Writing an Essay Exam
Checklist
Taking an Essay Exam
P R A C T I C E E S S A Y E X A M
Toni Cade Bambara n The Lesson
48 Critical Approaches to Literature
Formalist Criticism
Cleanth Brooks n The Formalist Critic
Michael Clark n Light and Darkness in “Sonny’s Blues”
Robert Langbaum n On Robert Browning’s “My Last Duchess”
Biographical Criticism
**Leslie Fiedler n The Relationship of Poet and Poem
Brett C. Millier n On Elizabeth Bishop’s “One Art”
Emily Toth n The Source for AlcÉé LaballiÈre in “The Storm”
Historical Criticism
Hugh Kenner n Imagism
**Seamus Deane n Joyce’s Dublin
Kathryn Lee Seidel n The Economics of Zora Neale Hurston’s “Sweat”
Psychological Criticism
Sigmund Freud n The Nature of Dreams
Gretchen Schulz and R. J. R. Rockwood n Fairy Tale Motifs in “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Harold Bloom n Poetic Influence 2
Mythological Criticism
Carl Jung n The Collective Unconscious and Archetypes
Northrop Frye n Mythic Archetypes
Edmond Volpe n Myth in Faulkner’s “Barn Burning”
Sociological Criticism
Georg Lukacs n Content Determines Form
Daniel P. Watkins n Money and Labor in “The Rocking-Horse Winner”
Alfred Kazin n Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln
Gender Criticism
**Elaine Showalter n Toward a Feminist Poetics
Nina Pelikan Straus n Transformations in The Metamorphosis
Richard R. Bozorth n “Tell Me the Truth About Love”
Reader-Response Criticism
Stanley Fish n An Eskimo “A Rose for Emily”
Robert Scholes n “How Do We Make a Poem?”
Michael J. Colacurcio n The End of Young Goodman Brown
Deconstructionist Criticism
Roland Barthes n The Death of the Author
Barbara Johnson n Rigorous Unreliability
Geoffrey Hartman n On Wordsworth’s “A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal”
Cultural Studies
Vincent B. Leitch n Poststructuralist Cultural Critique
Mark Bauerlein n What Is Cultural Studies?
Camille Paglia n A Reading of William Blake’s “The Chimney Sweeper”
TERMS FOR REVIEW
Acknowledgments
Photo Acknowledgments
Index of Major Themes
Index of First Lines of Poetry
Index of Authors and Titles
Index of Literary TermsWhat is included with this book?
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