Lives Across Cultures: Cross-Cultural Human

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Harry W. Gardiner

Professor Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, where he designed and taught courses in cross-cultural psychology, child development, humor in education, and international studies for twenty-seven years. His undergraduate degree is from American International College, in Springfield, Massachusetts; his M.A. is from the University of Hawaii; and his Ph.D. is from Manchester University in England. He has engaged in training, teaching, and research in Europe, Asia, and the United States and has traveled to more than seventy countries. Dr. Gardiner was a charter member of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, served as president of the Society for Cross-Cultural Research, and is a consulting editor for the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. In addition to publishing articles in a wide variety of journals and participating in national and international meetings, he has coauthored more than a dozen chapters on cross-cultural topics for other books.

Corinne Kosmitzki.

Dr. KosmitzkiI was born and raised in Germany. Her interest in the lives of people led her to study clinical and counseling psychology at the Universität Münster. She earned her Ph.D. in psychology at the University of California at Berkeley. As an international student, she experienced many of the challenges discussed in this book. She has been able to share these experiences with other international students in workshops and seminars held at various universities. After being an active teacher and researcher at universities in Virginia, New Jersey, and Texas, she has returned to California. At the University of California at Berkeley, she continues to work with students and faculty from many different cultural and national backgrounds. Her travel has taken her to most of Western and Eastern Europe and North America

Foreword	p. xiii
Preface	p. xvii
About the Authors	p. xxiii
Introduction	p. 1
What Is Cross-Cultural Human Development?	p. 3
Cross-Cultural Human Development and the Other Social Sciences	p. 6
Some Important Themes	p. 7
A Cross-Cultural Perspective	p. 7
Goals for the Field	p. 8
An Ecological Model	p. 12
The Developmental Niche	p. 14
A Developmental Orientation	p. 14
A Chronological-Within-Topics Approach	p. 15
Another Piece of the Developmental Puzzle: The Human Genome	p. 15
Practical Applications	p. 17
Overview of the Book	p. 18
Some Cross-Cultural Teasers	p. 18
Summary	p. 19
Study Questions	p. 20
Further Readings	p. 20
Theories and Methodology	p. 21
Theories of Development	p. 22
What Is a Theory?	p. 22
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model	p. 23
Super and Harkness's Developmental Niche	p. 29
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development	p. 35
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Development	p. 38
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory	p. 39
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development	p. 41
Methodology in Cross-Cultural Human Development	p. 42
Studying Development Cross-Culturally: Some Methods, Problems, and Solutions	p. 43
Methods for Assessing Components of the Developmental Niche	p. 47
Studying Ecological Systems	p. 50
Summary	p. 51
Study Questions	p. 52
Further Readings	p. 52
Developmental Analysis	p. 53
Culture and Socialization	p. 54
Ecological Context	p. 55
What is Socialization?	p. 55
Ecological Model and the Developmental Niche	p. 57
Some Cultural Variations in the Socialization of Behavior	p. 60
Pregnancy, Prenatal Development, and Birth	p. 60
Infancy	p. 61
Sleep	p. 61
Crying	p. 68
Childhood	p. 68
Formal Versus Informal Learning	p. 69
Adolescence	p. 72
Rites of Passage	p. 73
Adulthood	p. 76
Late Adulthood	p. 78
Cultural Views of Aging	p. 78
Summary	p. 79
Study Questions	p. 80
Further Readings	p. 80
Developmental Analysis	p. 81
The Family In Cultural Context	p. 83
Ecological Context	p. 84
Cultural Variations in the Family Life Cycle	p. 84
Mate Selection	p. 84
Marriage and Other Long-Term Relationships	p. 86
The Birth Process Across Cultures	p. 90
The Ecology of Birth	p. 91
The Transition to Parenthood	p. 95
Infancy and Childhood	p. 95
Parental Belief Systems	p. 96
Mothering	p. 99
Fathering	p. 101
Adolescence	p. 103
The Ecological Model and Adolescence	p. 104
Cross-Cultural Differences in Adolescent Peer Relationships	p. 105
Adulthood and Aging	p. 107
Grandparenthood	p. 107
Caring for the Elderly	p. 113
The Changing Context of Families	p. 116
Summary	p. 117
Study Questions	p. 117
Further Readings	p. 118
Developmental Analysis	p. 119
Culture, Language, and Cognition	p. 121
Ecological Context: The Language-Cognition-Culture Link	p. 122
Infancy	p. 125
Early Cognitive Development in Cultural Contexts	p. 125
Language Acquisition	p. 126
Early Second-Language Acquisition and Bilingualism	p. 128
Childhood	p. 131
Stages of Knowing and Learning	p. 132
Language Skills and Language Socialization	p. 134
Adolescence	p. 137
Formal Operational Thinking	p. 137
Adulthood	p. 139
Reasoning and Decision making	p. 139
Late Adulthood	p. 141
Intelligence and Cognitive Aging	p. 141
Language and Communication in Later Life	p. 144
Summary	p. 145
Study Questions	p. 146
Further Readings	p. 147
Developmental Analysis	p. 147
Culture, Self, and Personality	p. 149
Ecological Context: Temperament, Personality, and Self	p. 150
Temperament and Heritability of Traits	p. 150
The Self: Some Cultural Perspectives	p. 151
Infancy	p. 156
Temperament, Ecological Systems, and the Developmental Niche	p. 156
Temperament and "Goodness of Fit"	p. 157
Childhood	p. 160
The Emerging Self-Concept	p. 160
Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy	p. 162
Adolescence	p. 164
Identity Formation	p. 165
Social Identity Formation	p. 167
Adulthood	p. 169
A Time of Stability and Change	p. 169
Late Adulthood	p. 172
Personality Changes in Senescence or Illness	p. 172
The "Aging" Self	p. 173
Summary	p. 174
Study Questions	p. 174
Further Readings	p. 175
Developmental Analysis	p. 175
Culture and Social Behavior	p. 177
Ecological Context	p. 178
Infancy	p. 178
Child-Caretaker Relationships and Attachment Patterns	p. 178
The Secure-Base Hypothesis	p. 180
The Sensitivity Hypothesis	p. 182
Moderators of Attachment and Social Development	p. 183
Childhood	p. 184
Peer Culture and Social Relationships	p. 184
Moral Development and Prosocial Orientation	p. 187
Cultural Influences on Caring and Justice Orientation	p. 188
Aggression	p. 190
Adolescence	p. 194
Family and Peer Influences on Adolescent Social Behavior	p. 194
Cultural Influences on Adolescent Social Behavior	p. 196
Adulthood	p. 198
Work and Leisure in Middle Adulthood	p. 198
Sport as a Social Phenomenon	p. 199
Late Adulthood	p. 202
Attachment, Social Support, and Well-Being in Later Adulthood	p. 202
Summary	p. 203
Study Questions	p. 204
Further Readings	p. 204
Developmental Analysis	p. 205
Culture and Issues of Gender and Sexuality	p. 207
Ecological Context: Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Differences	p. 208
Biological Perspectives	p. 208
Evolutionary Perspectives	p. 209
Socialization and Learning Perspectives	p. 210
Infancy	p. 212
Sex Preference and Sex Ratio at Birth	p. 213
Childhood	p. 214
Gender Socialization	p. 214
Cultural Influences on Female and Male Socialization	p. 217
Gender Relationships in Childhood	p. 222
Adolescence	p. 223
Markers of Sexual Maturation	p. 223
Gender, Sexuality, and Cultural Taboos	p. 224
Adulthood	p. 227
Status and the Division of Labor Within the Family	p. 227
Division of Labor in the Workforce	p. 228
Gender Relations in Social Status and Public Policy	p. 230
Later Adulthood	p. 231
The Experience of Menopause	p. 231
Divorce and Widowhood	p. 232
Gender Roles and Status in Old Age	p. 233
Summary	p. 235
Study Questions	p. 235
Further Readings	p. 235
Developmental Analysis	p. 237
Culture, Health, and Illness	p. 239
Ecological Context: Cultural Concepts of Health and Healing	p. 240
Culture-Bound Syndromes	p. 241
Medical Diagnosis Across Cultures	p. 241
Illness, Stress, and Coping	p. 246
Infancy	p. 248
Risks to Infant Health	p. 248
Childhood	p. 250
Childhood Obesity	p. 250
Childhood Mental Health	p. 251
Ecological Influences on Early Coping Behavior	p. 252
Adolescence	p. 253
Eating Disorders	p. 254
Culture and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)	p. 256
Adulthood	p. 257
Mental Health Issues	p. 257
Acculturation and Adaptation	p. 261
Later Adulthood	p. 262
Disease and Premature Aging	p. 263
Cultural Views on Dementia and Alzeimer's Disease	p. 263
Coping with Chronic Illness in Older Age	p. 265
The "Good" Death	p. 266
Summary	p. 267
Study Questions	p. 268
Further Readings	p. 268
Developmental Analysis	p. 269
Future Trends and Applications	p. 271
Looking Back: A Review of Major Themes and Theories	p. 272
Ecological Model	p. 272
Developmental Niche	p. 274
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory	p. 274
Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory	p. 275
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development	p. 276
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development	p. 277
Where Do We Go from Here?	p. 279
Summary	p. 290
Study Questions	p. 291
Further Readings	p. 291
References	p. 292
Name Index	p. 327
Subject Index	p. 332
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Lives Across Cultures: Cross-Cultural Human Development

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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