Location Lighting for Television

The first book of its kind to introduce the problems of location lighting for single camera operators and provide an insight into the technology and techniques required to solve those problems. The approach is of a basic and introductory nature, geared toward the student and trainee cameraman. Professionals needing a refresher course on the subject will also find this an invaluable reference packed with key information, theory and practical approaches to different lighting situations. *Teaches you how to master the essentials of lighting and make professional choices in difficult location lighting conditions *Features intruductory techniques from an experienced instructor *Provides the solutions to everyday lighting dilemmas

Acknowledgements

xi

1 Introduction

1

(5)

1.1 Overview

2

(2)

1.2 The need for lighting on location

4

(2)

2 Lighting basics

6

(19)

2.1 Psychology of perception

6

(5)

2.2 Light units

11

(5)

2.3 Inverse square law - Nature's law

16

(2)

2.4 Cosine law-or you don't get something for nothing!

18

(2)

2.5 Reflection of light - direct/diffuse

20

(3)

2.6 Reflection of light - glare reflection

23

(2)

3 Television camera basics

25

(15)

3.1 The television signal

25

(2)

3.2 Tonal reproduction and gamma

27

(4)

3.3 Tonal reproduction, dynamic range and knee

31

(3)

3.4 Camera sensors - CCD basics

34

(3)

3.5 Features of CCD processing

37

(3)

4 Television optics

40

(5)

4.1 Focal length

40

(1)

4.2 Angle of view (horizontal)

41

(1)

4.3 Lens aperture (f-number or f-stop)

41

(1)

4.4 Depth of field

42

(3)

5 Colour television

45

(5)

5.1 Principles

45

(3)

5.2 Camera overview

48

(2)

6 Colour temperature/ND filters

50

(15)

6.1 Colour temperature - defining white

50

(2)

6.2 Colour temperature correction

52

(3)

6.3 MIRED

55

(3)

6.4 Change of camera white point

58

(1)

6.5 Colour temperature measurement

59

(2)

6.6 Correlated colour temperature and colour compensating filters

61

(2)

6.7 Neutral density filters

63

(2)

7 Camera sensitivity - how much light do we need?

65

(8)

7.1 Defining sensitivity

65

(2)

7.2 Factors affecting sensitivity

67

(4)

7.3 ASA rating and video cameras

71

(2)

8 Light sources

73

(13)

8.1 Choice of light source

73

(1)

8.2 Tungsten and tungsten halogen sources

74

(2)

8.3 Discharge sources - general

76

(3)

8.4 Discharge sources - operating practices and safety

79

(1)

8.5 Discharge sources - xenon

80

(1)

8.6 Discharge sources - CDM

81

(1)

8.7 Discharge sources - fluorescent sources

82

(4)

9 Luminaires

86

(52)

9.1 Luminaires - general

86

(1)

9.2 The Fresnel spotlight or soft-edged spotlight

87

(3)

9.3 Luminaire performance

90

(1)

9.4 Control of beam shape

91

(3)

9.5 Control of light intensity on location

94

(3)

9.6 Softlights - general principles

97

(2)

9.7 Softlights - bounce

99

(2)

9.8 Use of diffusion

101

(4)

9.9 Softlights in practice

105

(3)

9.10 Softlights - specials

108

(6)

9.11 Open-faced luminaires

114

(3)

9.12 Hard-edged projectors

117

(3)

9.13 Broad sources/cyclorama units and ground rows

120

(2)

9.14 PAR lights

122

(2)

9.15 Scrollers and dowsers

124

(3)

9.16 Special lights - Dedolight

127

(1)

9.17 Fluorescent luminaires (coldlights)

128

(4)

9.18 On-camera and battery lighting

132

(1)

9.19 Specials

133

(2)

9.20 Moving lights - intelligent lights

135

(3)

10 Dimmers on location

138

(5)

10.1 Dimmers

139

(1)

10.2 Dimmer law

139

(1)

10.3 Control of dimmers - DMX/512 (Digital Multiplex/512)

140

(3)

11 Lighting grip equipment

143

(11)

11.1 Basics

143

(2)

11.2 Stand accessories

145

(2)

11.3 Super-clamps and telescopic poles

147

(2)

11.4 Clamps

149

(2)

11.5 Scaffolding, trussing and scissor lifts

151

(3)

12 Electrical essentials

154

(9)

12.1 Electrical mains supplies - basics

154

(2)

12.2 Installations

156

(2)

12.3 Electrical safety

158

(3)

12.4 Use of generator

161

(2)

13 Safety

163

(3)

14 Basic lighting on location

166

(27)

14.1 Basic lighting kit

166

(2)

14.2 Effect of light - not just illumination!

168

(1)

14.3 Basic portraiture - 'creating a good likeness'

169

(4)

14.4 Keylight - practicalities

173

(2)

14.5 Fill-light, fill or filler

175

(3)

14.6 Control of light - use of inverse square law

178

(1)

14.7 The backlight

179

(2)

14.8 Background light

181

(4)

14.9 Kicker

185

(2)

14.10 Lighting the offset presenter

187

(1)

14.11 Interview lighting - single camera

188

(2)

14.12 Two-handed interview - multi-camera

190

(3)

15 Lighting in the real world

193

(9)

15.1 Basic observations

193

(3)

15.2 Creating the illusion of reality

196

(1)

15.3 Coping with reality

197

(1)

15.4 Coping with excessive contrast

197

(3)

15.5 Lighting continuity

200

(2)

16 Vision control and measurements

202

(10)

16.1 Vision control - the essence of good picture quality

202

(2)

16.2 Use of colour monitor

204

(2)

16.3 Light measurement - incident light meters

206

(2)

16.4 Light measurement - spotmeter

208

(2)

16.5 Zebra/Picoscope/Vical - aids to exposure and continuity

210

(2)

17 Exterior lighting

212

(8)

17.1 Observing the day

212

(3)

17.2 Daylight exteriors

215

(5)

18 Expanding the basics

220

(42)

18.1 Lighting for subject movement - basics

220

(2)

18.2 Lighting for subject movement - setting a crossover

222

(2)

18.3 Lighting for subject movement - alternatives

224

(2)

18.4 Creating mood - the implicit requirements

226

(2)

18.5 On-camera filters

228

(1)

18.6 Lighting effects

229

(2)

18.7 Lighting demonstrations

231

(3)

18.8 Pack shots

234

(3)

18.9 Conference lighting

237

(1)

18.10 Silhouette lighting

238

(2)

18.11 Chroma key on location

240

(3)

18.12 Lighting musicians

243

(1)

18.13 Lighting in public places (supermarkets/offices/hospitals)

244

(2)

18.14 Stadia lighting - night

246

(1)

18.15 Stadia lighting - special events

247

(2)

18.16 Street lighting

249

(1)

18.17 Lighting in churches

250

(2)

18.18 Night-lighting - principles

252

(3)

18.19 Night-lighting - practice

255

(3)

18.20 Lighting for cars

258

(2)

18.21 Cars at night

260

(2)

19 Planning essentials

262

(5)

19.1 Planning

262

(1)

19.2 Strategy, lighting kits and timescales

263

(4)

20 Lighting and sound pick-up

267

(3)

21 Lighting standards

270

(3)

Bibliography

273

(2)

Glossary

275

(3)

Basic conversion table

278

(1)

Index

279

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Location Lighting for Television

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials