Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric The Use of

Intended for the undergraduate course in Critical Thinking, Critical Reasoning, or Introduction to Logic.

Preface

viii

CHAPTER 1 GOOD AND BAD REASONING

1

(22)

1 Reasoning and Arguments

1

(5)

2 Cogent Reasoning

6

(2)

3 Two Basic Kinds of Valid Arguments

8

(2)

4 Deductive Validity and Invalidity

10

(3)

5 Inductive Validity (Correctness) and Invalidity (Incorrectness)

13

(5)

6 Fallacious Reasoning: How Reasoning Goes Wrong

18

(2)

Summary of Chapter 1

20

(3)

CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND BELIEFS AND WORLD VIEWS

23

(16)

1 Kinds of Background Beliefs

24

(2)

2 Insufficiently Grounded Beliefs

26

(1)

3 Are Unexamined World Views Worth Having?

27

(3)

4 Reading Between the Lines

30

(1)

5 Two Vital Kinds of Background Beliefs

31

(1)

6 Science to the Rescue

32

(4)

Summary of Chapter 2

36

(3)

CHAPTER 3 FALLACIOUS REASONING -- 1

39

(24)

1 Appeal to Authority

40

(5)

2 Inconsistency

45

(6)

3 Straw Man

51

(1)

4 False Dilemma and the Either-Or Fallacy

51

(1)

5 Begging the Question

52

(2)

6 Questionable Premise--Questionable Statement

54

(1)

7 Suppressed (Overlooked) Evidence

54

(2)

8 Tokenism

56

(1)

Summary of Chapter 3

57

(6)

CHAPTER 4 FALLACIOUS REASONING -- 2

63

(16)

1 Ad Hominem Argument

63

(3)

2 Two Wrongs Make a Right

66

(2)

3 Irrelevant Reason (Non Sequitur)

68

(1)

4 Equivocation

69

(2)

5 Appeal to Ignorance

71

(1)

6 Composition and Division

72

(1)

7 Slippery Slope

73

(1)

Summary of Chapter 4

73

(6)

CHAPTER 5 FALLACIOUS REASONING -- 3

79

(30)

1 Hasty Conclusion

79

(1)

2 Small Sample

80

(1)

3 Unrepresentative Sample

80

(1)

4 Questionable Cause

81

(3)

5 Questionable Analogy

84

(2)

6 Questionable Statistics

86

(2)

7 Questionable Uses of Statistics

88

(2)

8 Polls: An Important Special Case

90

(4)

9 False Charge of Fallacy

94

(2)

Summary of Chapter 5

96

(13)

CHAPTER 6 PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPEDIMENTS TO COGENT REASONING: SHOOTING OURSELVES IN THE FOOT

109

(24)

1 Loyalty, Provincialism, and the Herd Instinct

110

(2)

2 Prejudice, Stereotypes, Scapegoats, and Partisan Mind Sets

112

(2)

3 Superstitious Beliefs

114

(2)

4 Wishful Thinking and Self-Deception

116

(1)

5 Rationalization, Denial, and Procrastination

117

(2)

6 The Benefits of Self-Deception and Wishful Thinking

119

(2)

7 The Pull of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal

121

(4)

8 Lack of a Good Sense of Proportion

125

(2)

Summary of Chapter 6

127

(6)

CHAPTER 7 LANGUAGE

133

(28)

1 Cognitive and Emotive Meanings

133

(1)

2 Emotive Meaning and Persuasive Uses of Language

134

(6)

3 Other Common Rhetorical Devices

140

(5)

4 Those Who Control the Definitions

145

(4)

5 The Reform of Sexist Language

149

(3)

6 PC (Politically Correct) Terminology

152

(3)

Summary of Chapter 7

155

(6)

CHAPTER 8 EVALUATING EXTENDED ARGUMENTS

161

(28)

1 The Basic Tasks of Essay Evaluation

162

(7)

2 Quick Appraisals

169

(3)

3 The Margin Note and Summary Method

172

(5)

4 Dealing with Value Claims

177

(6)

5 Evaluating Ironic Works

183

(3)

Summary of Chapter 8

186

(3)

CHAPTER 9 WRITING COGENT (AND PERSUASIVE) ESSAYS

189

(24)

1 The Writing Process

189

(1)

2 Preparing to Write

190

(1)

3 Writing Essays

191

(5)

4 Some Hints for Effective Writing

196

(15)

Summary of Chapter 9

211

(2)

CHAPTER 10 ADVERTISING: SELLING THE PRODUCT

213

(30)

1 Promise and Identification Advertisements

215

(1)

2 Things to Watch Out for in Advertisements

216

(9)

3 New Marketing Wrinkles

225

(3)

4 Political Advertising

228

(10)

Summary of Chapter 10

238

(5)

CHAPTER 11 MANAGING THE NEWS

243

(48)

1 The Media and the Power of Money

243

(13)

2 News-Gathering Methods Are Designed to Save Money

256

(5)

3 Misdirection and Lack of Proportion

261

(1)

4 News Reporting: Theory and Practice

261

(7)

5 Devices Used to Slant the News

268

(5)

6 Television: The Only Truly Mass Medium (So Far)

273

(2)

7 The Non-Mass Media to the Rescue

275

(1)

8 Recent Developments

276

(7)

Summary of Chapter 11

283

(8)

CHAPTER 12 TEXTBOOKS: MANAGING WORLD VIEWS

291

(34)

1 History and Social Studies Textbooks

292

(2)

2 Textbooks and Indoctrination

294

(2)

3 Textbooks and Politics

296

(4)

4 Censorship

300

(7)

5 Textbooks Distort History

307

(4)

6 Textbooks Minimize the Great Gulf Between Theory and Practice

311

(5)

7 Textbooks Fail to Give Students Genuine Understanding

316

(2)

8 Postscript on College Texts

318

(1)

Summary of Chapter 12

319

(6)

APPENDIX MORE ON COGENT REASONING

325

(14)

1 Deductive Validity: A Review

325

(1)

2 Syllogisms

326

(2)

3 Indirect (Reductio Ad Absurdum) Proofs

328

(1)

4 Tautologies, Contradictions, and Contingent Statements

329

(1)

6 Possibilities, Impossibilities, and Necessities

330

(1)

7 Reasoning Cogently versus Being Right in Fact

330

(1)

8 More on Cause and Effect

331

(1)

9 Calculating Probabilities and Fair Odds

332

(3)

10 Scientific Method

335

(4)

Answers to Starred Exercise Items

339

(8)

Bibliography

347

(5)

Selected List of Periodicals

352

(6)

Indexes

358

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Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric The Use of Reason in Everyday Life

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials