The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers

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ISBN: 9780321058041 | 0321058046
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/1/1999

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The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers, 2/e, builds on the first edition's emphasis on the importance of readers and reading to the writing process. With renewed attention to strategies for effective writing and recognition of a reader's needs and responses, the second edition shows students how these strategies apply to three different communities of writers and readers: the academic community, the public community, and the workplace community. This exploration of communities encourages students to adjust writing style and purpose to meet the needs of varying audiences.

Preface for Students and Instructors

(10)

A Guide to Using The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers, Second Edition

xxi

Part 1 WRITING, READING, AND THINKING: JOINING COMMUNITIES

(58)

1. Readers, Writers, and Community Expectations

(8)

a. Recognizing Communities of Writers and Readers: Academic, Work, and Public

(5)

b. The Writing Process: Realities and Myths

(1)

c. Entering Electronic Communities

(2)

2. Strategies for Critical Reading and Reflection

(13)

a. Reading Analytically

(5)

b. Reading Interpretively

(2)

c. Journals: Bridging Reading and Writing

(5)

3. Planning Strategies for College, Work, and Public Writing

(14)

a. Generating Ideas and Information

(4)

b. Structuring Ideas and Information

(3)

c. Creating Generalization-Support Patterns

(3)

d. Planning in Electronic Environments

(2)

e. Planning: Paper in Progress

(2)

4. Defining Your Purpose and Thesis

(11)

a. Analyzing Your Purpose

(4)

b. Using Rhetorical Purposes to Guide Your Decisions

(3)

c. Defining a Main Idea or Thesis

(4)

5. Considering Your Readers

(11)

a. Defining Your Reader

(4)

b. Characterizing Your Readers

(2)

c. Adapting Your Content, Structure, and Style

(2)

d. Addressing Communities of Readers

(3)

Part 2 DRAFTING AND REVISING: SHAPING YOUR WRITING FOR YOUR COMMUNITY

(68)

6. Drafting

(10)

a. Moving from Planning to Drafting

(4)

b. Using Drafting Strategies

(3)

c. Drafting Collaboratively

(2)

d. Drafting: Paper in Progress

(1)

7. Revising

(16)

a. Making Major Revisions

(6)

b. Making Minor Revisions

(3)

c. Revising Collaboratively

(3)

d. Revising: Paper in Progress

(4)

8. Focusing, Linking, and Developing Paragraphs

(23)

a. Recognizing and Revising Paragraph Focus

(1)

b. Revising for Focus

(3)

c. Recognizing and Revising Paragraph Coherence

(1)

d. Revising for Coherence

(4)

e. Recognizing and Revising Paragraph Development

(9)

f. Using Special-Purpose Paragraphs in Academic, Work, and Public Settings

105

(4)

9. Creating Clear, Emphatic, and Varied Sentences

109

(18)

a. Creating Clear Sentences

109

(6)

b. Creating Direct Sentences

115

(1)

c. Creating Emphasis

116

(5)

d. Revising for Variety

121

(6)

Part 3 REPRESENTING YOURSELF: CREATING YOUR PLACE IN A COMMUNITY

127

(56)

10. Presenting Yourself Through Language Choices

128

(11)

a. Understanding Home and Community Language Varieties

129

(6)

b. Understanding How Dialect Influences Writing

135

(4)

11. Writing in Online Communities

139

(13)

a. Writing Online

139

(3)

b. Communicating with Email

142

(3)

c. Participating in Online Communities

145

(2)

d. Writing for the World Wide Web

147

(2)

e. Avoiding Plagiarism When Working Online

149

(3)

12. Representing Yourself Through Critical Reasoning

152

(14)

a. What Is Critical Reasoning?

153

(3)

b. Building a Chain of Reasoning

156

(5)

c. Representing Your Reasoning

161

(5)

13. Designing Documents

166

(17)

a. Goals of Document Design

166

(1)

b. Principles of Document Design

167

(1)

c. Plan Your Documents

168

(1)

d. Laying Out Your Document

169

(4)

e. Using Type

173

(2)

f. Using Visuals

175

(3)

g. Model Documents

178

(5)

Part 4 EDITING AND PROOFREADING: MEETING COMMUNITY EXPECTATIONS

183

(402)

14. The Editing and Proofreading Process

184

(11)

a. Editing Your Own Writing

185

(5)

b. Editing Collaboratively

190

(1)

c. Editing on the Computer

191

(2)

d. Proofreading

193

(2)

Editing Grammar

195

(114)

15. Sentence Elements and Sentence Patterns

196

(37)

a. Using Words

196

(18)

ESL Advice: The Articles A, An, and The

197

(9)

ESL Advice: Adjective Forms

206

(3)

ESL Advice: Prepositions

209

(5)

b. Recognizing Sentence Parts: Subjects and Predicates

214

(4)

c. Recognizing Phrases

218

(7)

ESL Advice: Gerunds and Infinitives

221

(4)

d. Recognizing Subordinate Clauses

225

(6)

ESL Advice: Adjective, Adverb, and Noun Clauses

226

(5)

e. Recognizing Different Sentence Types

231

(2)

16. Case of Nouns and Pronouns

233

(15)

a. Recognizing Pronoun Case

234

(5)

b. Editing Common Problems with Pronoun Case

239

(6)

c. Editing Who and Whom

245

(3)

17. Verbs

248

(27)

a. Recognizing Simple Present and Past Tense

248

(1)

b. Editing Simple Present Tense Verbs

249

(2)

ESL Advice: The Third Person -s or -es ending

249

(2)

c. Editing Past Tense Verbs

251

(1)

ESL Advice: Simple Present and Simple Past

251

(1)

d. Recognizing and Editing Problems with Participles

252

(6)

ESL Advice: Verb Forms

255

(1)

ESL Advice: Helping Verbs

256

(2)

e. Editing Progressive and Perfect Tenses

258

(6)

ESL Advice: Simple Present and Present Progressive Tenses

259

(5)

f. Recognizing the Subjunctive Mood

264

(5)

ESL Advice: Conditionals

266

(3)

g. Recognizing Clear Tense Sequence

269

(1)

h. Recognizing Active and Passive Voice

270

(3)

ESL Advice: The Passive Voice

271

(2)

i. Editing Troublesome Verbs (lie, lay, sit, set)

273

(2)

18. Agreement (Subject and Verb, Pronoun and Antecedent)

275

(22)

a. Recognizing Subject-Verb Agreement

276

(4)

ESL Advice: Subject-Verb Agreement

278

(2)

b. Editing for Subject-Verb Agreement

280

(12)

ESL Advice: Paired Conjunctions

283

(3)

ESL Advice: Separated Subjects and Verbs

286

(2)

ESL Advice: Quantifiers

288

(1)

ESL Advice: Other, Others, and Another as Pronouns or Adjectives

289

(3)

c. Editing for Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

292

(5)

ESL Advice: Demonstrative Adjectives

295

(2)

19. Adjectives and Adverbs

297

(12)

a. Recognizing What Adjectives and Adverbs Do.

297

(2)

ESL Advice: Adjectives in a Series

298

(1)

b. Avoiding Confusion Between Adjectives and Adverbs

299

(4)

c. Using Comparatives and Superlatives

303

(2)

d. Avoiding Double Negatives

305

(1)

e. Using Noun Modifiers

306

(3)

Editing for Sentence Problems

309

(110)

20. Sentence Fragments

310

(13)

a. Recognizing Sentence Fragments

311

(5)

b. Editing Sentence Fragments

316

(2)

c. Editing Troublesome Constructions

318

(3)

d. Using Partial Sentences

321

(2)

21. Comma Splices and Fused Sentences

323

(13)

a. Recognizing Comma Splices and Fused Sentences

324

(5)

b. Editing Comman Splices and Fused Sentences

329

(7)

22. Pronoun Reference

336

(14)

a. Making Pronoun Reference Clear

336

(6)

b. Making Reference Specific

342

(6)

c. Matching Who, Which, and That to Antecedents

348

(2)

23. Misplaced, Dangling, and Disruptive Modifiers

350

(13)

a. Recognizing and Editing Misplaced Modifiers

351

(5)

b. Recognizing and Editing Dangling Modifiers

356

(3)

c. Recognizing and Editing Disruptive Modifiers

359

(3)

d. Using Absolute Phrases Effectively

362

(1)

24. Shifts

363

(11)

a. Keeping Person and Number Consistent

363

(3)

b. Keeping Tense and Mood Consistent

366

(3)

c. Keeping Voice Consistent

369

(2)

d. Avoiding Shifts Between Direct and Indirect Quotation

371

(3)

25. Mixed and Incomplete Sentences

374

(13)

a. Editing Mixed Sentences

375

(7)

b. Editing Incomplete Sentences

382

(5)

26. Parallelism

387

(13)

a. Building Parallelism

388

(1)

b. Editing for Parallelism Within the Sentence

389

(6)

c. Editing for Parallelism Beyond the Sentence

395

(3)

d. Maintaining Parallelism in Lists

398

(2)

27. Coordination and Subordination

400

(19)

a. Using Coordination

401

(5)

b. Using Subordination

406

(13)

ESL Advice: Grammatical Structures for Coordination and Subordination

414

(5)

Editing for Word Choice

419

(44)

28. Choosing Appropriate Words

420

(12)

a. Thinking About Word Choice

420

(4)

b. Using Precise Diction

424

(4)

c. Using Strategies for Editing Diction

428

(4)

29. Using Dictionaries and Building Vocabulary

432

(10)

a. Choosing Dictionaries to Serve Your Needs

432

(3)

b. Using a Dictionary

435

(2)

c. Using Dictionaries in the Age of Technology

437

(1)

d. Building Vocabulary

438

(4)

30. Wordiness

442

(12)

a. Editing for Common Types of Wordiness

443

(8)

b. Editing for Cliches, Generalizations, and Overblown Language

451

(3)

31. Avoiding Sexist and Discriminatory Language

454

(9)

a. Recognizing and Editing Sexist Language

454

(5)

b. Avoiding Discriminatory Language

459

(4)

Editing for Punctuation

463

(68)

32. Commas

464

(23)

a. Using Commas to Help Join Sentences

464

(2)

b. Using Commas to Set Off Introductory Phrases

466

(4)

c. Using Commas to Set Off Nonrestrictive Modifiers

470

(4)

d. Using Commas to Set Off Parenthetical Expressions

474

(2)

e. Using Commas in a Series

476

(1)

f. Separating Coordinate Adjectives with a Comma

477

(2)

g. Using Commas with Dates, Numbers, Addresses, Place Names, People's Titles, and Letters

479

(3)

ESL Advice: Numbers

480

(2)

h. Using Commas with Quotations

482

(1)

i. Using Commas to Make Your Meaning Clear

483

(1)

j. Avoiding Commas that Do Not Belong

484

(3)

33. Semicolons and Colons

487

(10)

a. Using Semicolons

487

(5)

b. Using Colons

492

(5)

34. Apostrophes

497

(8)

a. Using Apostrophes to Mark Possession

497

(4)

b. Using Apostrophes to Mark Contractions and Omissions

501

(4)

35. Quotation Marks

505

(9)

a. Marking Quotations

505

(2)

b. Using Block Quotations

507

(2)

c. Writing Dialogue

509

(1)

d. Labeling Titles of Short Works

510

(1)

e. Indicating Special Meanings of Words and Phrases

511

(1)

f. Indicating Irony, Sarcasm, and Authorial Distance

512

(2)

36. Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points

514

(7)

a. Using Periods

514

(2)

b. Using Question Marks

516

(2)

c. Using Exclamation Points

518

(3)

37. Special Punctuation Marks

521

(10)

a. Using Parentheses

521

(2)

b. Using Brackets

523

(1)

c. Using Dashes

524

(3)

d. Using Ellipses

527

(2)

e. Using Slashes

529

(2)

Proofreading for Mechanics and Spelling

531

(54)

38. Capitalization

532

(11)

a. Using a Capital at the Beginning of a Sentence

532

(5)

b. Using Capital for Proper Nouns and Adjectives

537

(6)

39. Italics (Underlining)

543

(7)

a. Following Conventions for Underlining (Using Italics)

544

(4)

b. Underlining for Emphasis

548

(2)

40. Hyphens and Word Division

550

(9)

a. Using Hyphens to Divide Words

550

(4)

b. Using Hyphens to Join Words

554

(5)

41. Numbers

559

(5)

a. Spelling Out Numbers or Using Numerals

559

(1)

b. Following Special Conventions

560

(2)

c. Avoiding Too Many Numbers

562

(2)

42. Abbreviations

564

(8)

a. Using Familiar Abbreviations

565

(3)

b. Using Abbreviations Sparingly

568

(4)

43. Strategies for Spelling

572

(13)

a. Spelling As You Write

572

(1)

b. Recognizing and Correcting Spelling Errors

573

(8)

c. Using Long-term Strategies to Improve Your Spelling

581

(2)

d. Spelling and the Computer

583

(2)

Part 5 USING RESEARCH STRATEGIES: READING AND WRITING WITHIN A RESEARCH COMMUNITY

585

(62)

44. Participating in Research Communities: Academic, Work, and Public

586

(10)

a. Focusing Your Research Topic

586

(5)

b. Developing Your Persona as a Researcher

591

(3)

c. Planning Your Research

594

(2)

45. Using Print and Electronic Resources

596

(15)

a. Developing Search Strategies

596

(4)

b. Identifying Print and Electronic Resources

600

(5)

c. Search Strategies for Electronic Environments

605

(6)

46. Reading Critically and Evaluating Sources

611

(17)

a. Building a Working Bibliography

611

(2)

b. Taking Notes: Analytical and Critical

613

(2)

c. Reading Print and Electronic Sources Analytically

615

(5)

d. Reading Print and Electronic Sources Critically

620

(8)

47. Turning Research into Writing

628

(11)

a. Moving from Research Questions to a Plan and a Thesis

628

(2)

b. Planning and Drafting Your Paper

630

(2)

c. Integrating Print and Electronic Sources into Your Writing

632

(1)

d. Understanding Documentation and Avoiding Plagiarism

633

(6)

48. Doing Fieldwork

639

(8)

a. Ethnographies

640

(3)

b. Interviews

643

(1)

c. Surveys, Polls, and Questionnaires

644

(3)

Part 6 USING CITATION STYLES

647

(142)

49. Documenting Sources: MLA

648

(47)

a. Using In-Text Citations

649

(3)

b. Creating MLA In-Text Citations

652

(5)

c. Informative Footnotes and Endnotes

657

(1)

d. Creating an MLA List of Works Cited

657

(23)

e. Sample MLA Paper

680

(15)

50. Documenting Sources: APA

695

(38)

a. Using In-Text Citations

696

(1)

b. Using Content Footnotes

697

(1)

c. Creating APA In-Text Citations

698

(3)

d. Creating an APA Reference List

701

(17)

e. Sample APA Paper

718

(15)

51. Documenting Sources: CBE

733

(10)

a. Creating CBE In-Text Citations

734

(1)

b. Creating a CBE Reference List

735

(8)

52. Documenting Sources: CMS

743

(17)

a. Using Endnotes and Footnotes

744

(1)

b. Creating CMS Notes

745

(8)

c. Creating a CMS Bibliography

753

(7)

53. Documenting Sources: COS

760

(29)

a. How to Use COS for Documentation

761

(1)

b. Creating In-Text Citations

762

(1)

c. Creating an Entry for a Works Cited or Reference List

763

(2)

d. Using COS in the Humanities (with MLA, CMS)

765

(11)

e. Sample COS/Humanities-Style Works Cited Page

776

(1)

f. Using COS in the Sciences (with APA, CBE)

777

(10)

g. Sample COS Reference List

787

(2)

Part 7 WRITING STRATEGIES

789

54. Writing Argumentative Papers Across the Disciplines

790

(47)

a. Developing Argumentative Writing

791

(11)

b. Developing a Point: Argument in Progress

802

(11)

c. Using Critical Thinking to Strengthen Your Argument

813

(9)

d. The Position Paper

822

(4)

e. The Critique

826

(3)

f. The Review

829

(5)

g. The Point-Driven Essay Exam

834

(3)

55. Reading and Writing About Literature

837

(23)

a. Reading Literary Texts

838

(4)

b. Writing About Literary Texts

842

(3)

c. The Text Analysis

845

(15)

56. Writing Informative Papers Across the Disciplines

860

(23)

a. Developing and Presenting Informative Writing

860

(7)

b. Developing an Interview Paper: Informative Writing in Progress

867

(6)

c. The Short Informative Documented Paper

873

(2)

d. The Literature Review

875

(1)

e. The Lab Report

876

(2)

f. The Abstract

878

(1)

g. The Annotated Bibliography

879

(2)

h. The Informative Essay Exam

881

(2)

57. Developing Business Writting

883

a. Using General Strategies for Successful Business Writing

883

(2)

b. Writing Business Letters

885

(1)

c. Writing Agendas

886

(1)

d. Writing Meeting Minutes

887

(2)

e. Writing Memos

889

(1)

f. Writing Resumes

890

(3)

g. Writing Letters of Application

893

Glossary of Usage and Terms

G-1

Credits

C-1

Index

I-1

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The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials