- ISBN: 9780134586434 | 0134586433
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 7/11/2016
For courses in English Composition. This version of The Longman Reader has been updated the reflect the 8th edition of the MLA Handbook (April 2016)* The acclaimed rhetorical modes reader, with remarkably detailed writing guidance Best-seller The Longman Reader includes its abundant and highly praised pedagogy plus a wealth of readings organized by patterns of development (an alternative table of contents organizes them thematically). The opening chapters focus on reading critically and the writing process. The subsequent chapters begin with detailed writing instruction, including an annotated student paper, and end with professional essays. These new and beloved professional essays range widely in subject matter and approach — from the humorous to the informative, from personal meditation to argument —and capture students' interest while demonstrating specific patterns of development. The Longman Reader shares many of the same readings and other core material with The Longman Writer.
* The 8th Edition introduces sweeping changes to the philosophy and details of MLA works cited entries. Responding to the “increasing mobility of texts,” MLA now encourages writers to focus on the process of crafting the citation, beginning with the same questions for any source. These changes, then, align with current best practices in the teaching of writing which privilege inquiry and critical thinking over rote recall and rule-following.
* The 8th Edition introduces sweeping changes to the philosophy and details of MLA works cited entries. Responding to the “increasing mobility of texts,” MLA now encourages writers to focus on the process of crafting the citation, beginning with the same questions for any source. These changes, then, align with current best practices in the teaching of writing which privilege inquiry and critical thinking over rote recall and rule-following.
THEMATIC CONTENTS
PREFACE
1 READING CRITICALLY
4 NARRATION
5 EXEMPLIFICATION
6 DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION
The author explores the different kinds of English that she uses and how they were shaped by the English her Chinese mother spoke.
7 PROCESS ANALYSIS
8 COMPARISON-CONTRAST
9 CAUSE-EFFECT
10 DEFINITION
11 ARGUMENTATION-PERSUASION
Gerry Garibaldi HOW THE SCHOOLS SHORTCHANGE BOYS
Alexander T. Tabarrok A MORAL SOLUTION TO THE ORGAN SHORTAGE
Paying people who donate organs is one solution to the shortage of organs available for transplants.
Examining an Issue: Government Regulation to Help Control Obesity and Related Issues
Mark Bittman WHAT CAUSES WEIGHT GAIN
12 COMBINING THE PATTERNS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INDEX
PREFACE
1 READING CRITICALLY
Stage 1: Get an Overview of the SelectionEllen Goodman FAMILY COUNTERCULTURE
FIRST READING: A CHECKLIST
Stage 2: Deepen Your Sense of the Selection
SECOND READING: A CHECKLIST
Stage 3: Evaluate the Selection
EVALUATING A SELECTION: A CHECKLIST
Assessing Visuals in a Reading
Assessing an Image: An Example
Assessing a Graph: An Example
A Model Annotated Reading
Parents are told to switch the dial if they don’t want their kids watching something on TV. But what should parents do when the entire culture warrants being switched off?2 THE WRITING PROCESS
Figure 2.1 Stages of the Writing Process3 DESCRIPTION
Stage 1: Prewrite
ANALYZING YOUR AUDIENCE: A CHECKLIST
Activities: Prewrite
Stage 2: Identify the Thesis
Activities: Identify the Thesis
Stage 3: Support the Thesis with Evidence
Activities: Support the Thesis with Evidence
Stage 4: Organize the Evidence
OUTLINING: A CHECKLIST
Activities: Organize the Evidence
Stage 5: Write the First Draft
TURNING OUTLINE INTO FIRST DRAFT: A CHECKLIST
Figure 2.2 Structure of an Essay
Activities: Write the First Draft
Stage 6: Revise the Essay
Stage 7: Edit and Proofread
Student Essay: “What You Don’t Know About Video Games Can Hurt You” by Caylah Francis
Commentary
Activity: Revise the Essay
What Is Description?Mario Suárez EL HOYO
How Description Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Strategies for Using Description in an Essay
Figure 3.1 Development Diagram: Writing a Description Essay
Revision Strategies
DESCRIPTION: A REVISION/PEER REVIEW CHECKLIST
Student Essay: “Enduring with Dignity: Akua’s Surviving Children” by Leanna Stoufer
Commentary
Activities: Description
The truth of the old adage “beauty lies in the eye of the beholder” is illustrated in this description of the place the author calls home. While his barrio may be considered an unattractive place by outsiders, it is beautiful to Mario Suárez because of the people who live there and the culture they embrace.
Figure 3.2 Essay Structure Diagram: ”El Hoyo” by Mario SuárezDavid Helvarg THE STORM THIS TIME
Three weeks after Hurricane Katrina, an environmentalist tours New Orleans and the Gulf Coast to assess damage and the prospects for recovery.Riverbend BLOGGERS WITHOUT BORDERS
An Iraqi woman describes her experience as a refugee in Syria and her realization that people from all segments of Iraqi society, even if they are divided against one another in Iraq, are united and often mutually supportive when they are displaced as refugees.Judith Ortiz Cofer A PARTIAL REMEMBRANCE OF A PUERTO RICAN CHILDHOOD
With wistful affection, the author recalls the laughter and lessons of a late-afternoon gathering of women in her family.Cherokee Paul McDonald A VIEW FROM THE BRIDGE
A chance encounter with a young boy turns into an experience the narrator will never forget—one that changes the way he sees the world.Additional Writing Topics
4 NARRATION
What Is Narration?Audre Lorde THE FOURTH OF JULY
How Narration Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Strategies for Using Narration in an Essay
Figure 4.1 Development Diagram: Writing a Narration Essay
Revision Strategies
NARRATION: A REVISION/PEER REVIEW CHECKLIST
Student Essay: “Letters from Dad” by Laura Rose Dunn
Commentary
Activities: Narration
On a Fourth of July trip to the nation’s capital, a family is confronted by an ugly truth about American life.
Figure 4.2 Essay Structure Diagram: “The Fourth of July” by Audre LordeLynda Barry THE SANCTUARY OF SCHOOL
For the narrator of this story, school served as much more than a place to attain an education. As is true for many children, school provided a desperately needed escape from an unhappy home where she was often overlooked.Langston Hughes SALVATION
In the course of being “saved” during a revival meeting, a young boy’s life is changed forever.Barbara Ehrenreich SERVING IN FLORIDA
The author relates her experiences as a worker in low-wage, blue collar jobs and reflects on how they changed her, but not necessarily in a good way.Joan Murray SOMEONE'S MOTHER
A woman gives a ride to a 90-year-old hitchhiker who can't remember where she lives but doesn't want her son to find out she's lost again.Additional Writing Topics
5 EXEMPLIFICATION
What Is Exemplification?Kay S. Hymowitz TWEENS: TEN GOING ON SIXTEEN
How Exemplification Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Strategies for Using Exemplification in an Essay
Figure 5.1 Development Diagram: Writing an Exemplification Essay
Revision Strategies
EXEMPLIFICATION: A REVISION/PEER REVIEW CHECKLIST
Student Essay: “ Professors Open Up About the Benefits of a College Degree” by Charlene Adams
Commentary
Activities: Exemplification
Where have all the children gone? According to Hymowitz, they’ve been hijacked by a culture that urges them to become teenagers at ten. From clothes and hairstyles to sex, drugs, and violence, today’s “tweens” are hurled prematurely into the adult world.
Figure 5.2 Essay Structure Diagram: “Tweens: Ten Going On Sixteen” by Kay S. HymowitzTemple Grandin SEEING IN BEAUTIFUL, PRECISE PICTURES
While many think of autism as a disability, the author and educator Temple Grandin considers the condition an asset that allows her to see the world in a way that would not be possible if she were “normal.”Brent Staples BLACK MEN AND PUBLIC SPACE
Staples describes his own experiences as a black man being avoided in public spaces because of his race.Beth Johnson BOMBS BURSTING IN AIR
Forced to share grim news with her children, the author reflects on life’s fragility—and its beauty.Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni COMMON SCENTS: THE SMELL OF CHILDHOOD NEVER FADES
An Indian woman recounts how every one of her scent-memories is associated with a life lesson taught by her mother.Additional Writing Topics
6 DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION
What Is Division-Classification?Amy Tan MOTHER TONGUE
How Division-Classification Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Strategies for Using Division-Classification in an Essay
Figure 6.1 Development Diagram: Writing a Division-Classification Essay
Revision Strategies
DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION: A REVISION/PEER REVIEW CHECKLIST
Student Essay: “The Benchers, the Nappers, the Jellyfish, and the Musicians” by Catherine Gispert
Commentary
Activities: Division-Classification
The author explores the different kinds of English that she uses and how they were shaped by the English her Chinese mother spoke.
Figure 6.2 Essay Structure Diagram: “Mother Tongue” by Amy TanStephanie Ericsson THE WAYS WE LIE
“You look great!” you tell a friend who resembles something the cat dragged in. “The check’s in the mail!” you say, knowing your account is empty as a drum. Stephanie Ericsson explores how, when, and why we lie.William Zinsser COLLEGE PRESSURES
According to Zinsser, many students concentrate almost exclusively on the practical – and miss some of the most important parts of college life.David Brooks PSST! “HUMAN CAPITAL”
Human capital, necessary for a just, prosperous society, is more than skills and knowledge. It includes cultural, social, moral, cognitive, and aspirational capital.Bianca Bosker HOW TEENS ARE REALLY USING FACEBOOK: IT’S A ‘SOCIAL BURDEN,’ PEW STUDY FINDS
The author discusses a Pew Research Center report that reveals how teens are tiring of Facebook and turning to other social networking sites such as Twitter, Instagram, and Tumblr to stay constantly connected to each other.Additional Writing Topics
7 PROCESS ANALYSIS
What Is Process Analysis?Amy Sutherland WHAT SHAMU TAUGHT ME ABOUT A HAPPY MARRIAGE
How Process Analysis Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Strategies for Using Process Analysis in an Essay
Figure 7.1 Development Diagram: Writing a Process Analysis Essay
Revision Strategies
PROCESS ANALYSIS: A REVISION/PEER REVIEW CHECKLIST
Student Essay: “Don’t Write Poetry—Be a Poet” by Jared Mosley
Commentary
Activities: Process Analysis
The writer rids her husband of some of his annoying habits by using an animal training technique; at the end, he’s using the same technique on her.
Figure 7.2 Essay Structure Diagram: “What Shamu Taught Me About A Happy Marriage” by Amy SutherlandAlex Horton ON GETTING BY
After serving in the U.S. military in Iraq and returning to college at Georgetown University, Alex Horton offers advice that can help other student veterans as they cope with college life and gives non-veterans insight into the challenges veterans face.Paul Roberts HOW TO SAY NOTHING IN 5 WORDS
An English professor analyzes a student essay, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.Caroline Rego THE FINE ART OF COMPLAINING
Shoddy service and malfunctioning products afflict us all, but some of us complain more effectively than others.Werner Gundersheimer A MOTHER'S SECRET
For some, keeping secrets is less about the desire to hide the truth and more about the need to avoid the pain that talking about the past summons up.Additional Writing Topics
8 COMPARISON-CONTRAST
What Is Comparison-Contrast?Eric Weiner EUROMAIL AND AMERIMAIL 350 – Cite 27
How Comparison-Contrast Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Strategies for Using Comparison-Contrast in an Essay
Figure 8.1 Development Diagram: Writing a Comparison-Contrast Essay
Revision Strategies
COMPARISON-CONTRAST: A REVISION/PEER REVIEW CHECKLIST
Student Essay: “Buying a Cross-Country Mountain Bike” by Blake Norman
Commentary
Activities: Comparison-Contrast
The author compares e-mail styles and strategies in America and Europe—and declares a preference for one over the other.
Figure 8.2 Essay Structure Diagram: “Euromail and Amerimail” by Eric WeinerJosie Appleton THE BODY PIERCING PROJECT
Josie Appleton explores the diminishing taboo associated with tattoos and body piercings and compares the various reasons many individuals of all ages and from all walks of life use these procedures to modify their bodies.Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom A MICKEY MOUSE APPROACH TO GLOBALIZATION
Does the widespread popularity of American icons and products such as Mickey Mouse and the Big Mac indicate that the world is becoming more Americanized, or do other cultures attach their own significance and meaning to the things they borrow from us? Wasserstrom, a professor who specializes in Chinese history, explores this idea.Dave Barry BEAUTY AND THE BEAST
Why do men tend to be unconcerned about their appearance while women seem obsessed with how they look? Humorist Dave Barry advances an interesting theory.Stephen Chapman THE PRISONER’S DILEMMA
Which, the author asks, is a more effective approach to punishment – a few moments of pain or many years of imprisonment? You decide.Additional Writing Topics
9 CAUSE-EFFECT
What Is Cause-Effect?Jane S. Shaw NATURE IN THE SUBURBS
How Cause-Effect Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Strategies for Using Cause-Effect in an Essay
Figure 9.1 Development Diagram: Writing a Cause-Effect Essay
Revision Strategies
CAUSE-EFFECT: A REVISION/PEER REVIEW CHECKLIST
Student Essay: “Party with a Purpose” by Erica Zwieg
Commentary
Activities: Cause-Effect
Is urban sprawl wiping out wildlife? Shaw explains how many wild animal species are finding new living environments in the expansion of suburbs.
Figure 9.2 Essay Structure Diagram: “Nature in the Suburbs” by Jane S. ShawLeila Ahmed REINVENTING THE VEIL
The veil, or hijab, a head covering worn by many Islamic women and often regarded as a symbol of oppression, was predicted to become a thing of the past by the twenty-first century. Instead, it has witnessed a comeback, especially among educated, progressive Muslim women. Ahmed explores this phenomenon and her own changing attitude towards the veil.Jacques D’Amboise SHOWING WHAT IS POSSIBLE
By taking control of one’s body, this celebrated dancer explains, it is possible to take control of one’s life.Juan Williams THE RULING THAT CHANGED AMERICA
Williams explores the effects on American society of the landmark Brown v. Board of Education ruling.John M. Darley and Bibb Latané WHEN WILL PEOPLE HELP IN A CRISIS?
“Woman attacked; bystanders ignore her screams.” We read such headlines and shake our heads in despair. What kind of people, we ask, could react so callously? The answer may be—people just like us.Additional Writing Topics
10 DEFINITION
What Is Definition?Ann Hulbert BEYOND THE PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
How Definition Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Strategies for Using Definition in an Essay
Figure 10.1 Development Diagram: Writing a Definition Essay
Revision Strategies
DEFINITION: A REVISION/PEER REVIEW CHECKLIST
Student Essay: “‘Tweet, Tweedle-lee-dee (118 Characters Left)” by Olivia Fletcher
Commentary
Activities: Definition
The attitudes and values of “Gen Nexters”—those 18 to 25—seem contradictory, but perhaps they actually do make sense.Keith Johnson WHO’S A PIRATE? IN COURT, A DUEL OVER DEFINITIONS
Figure 10.2 Essay Structure Diagram: “Beyond the Pleasure Principle” by Ann Hulbert
Although piracy has long been considered a crime, there is no complete explanation in U.S. law of what exactly piracy entails. So who, then, is a pirate?Laura Fraser THE INNER CORSET
This selection explores the changing definition of female beauty, from the days when big was considered beautiful to the present, when “nothing tastes as good as skinny feels” is the prevailing mantra.Lillian Comas-Diaz HISPANICS, LATINOS, OR AMERICANOS: THE EVOLUTION OF IDENTITY
Asserting that the names used to label individuals play an important role in their identities, Comas-Díaz creates a taxonomy of the words used to identify members of the Hispanic/Latino population and defines each term.William Raspberry THE HANDICAP OF DEFINITION
Raspberry looks at the expectations that many of his fellow African Americans have for themselves—and sees a serious problem.Additional Writing Topics
11 ARGUMENTATION-PERSUASION
What Is Argumentation-Persuasion?Stanley Fish FREE-SPEECH FOLLIES
How Argumentation-Persuasion Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Strategies for Using Argumentation-Persuasion in an Essay
Figure 11.1 Development Diagram: Writing an Argumentation-Persuasion Essay
QUESTIONS FOR USING TOULMIN LOGIC: A CHECKLIST
Revision Strategies
ARGUMENTATION-PERSUASION: A REVISION/PEER REVIEW CHECKLIST
Student Essay: “It’s About Time, Augusta” by Lydia Gumm
Commentary
Activities: Argumentation-Persuasion
A noted scholar explores the difference between invoking the First Amendment and simply exercising good judgment in academic settings.
Figure 11.2 Essay Structure Diagram: “Free-Speech Follies” by Stanley FishMary Sherry IN PRAISE OF THE “F” WORD
This author believes that the fear of receiving a failing grade can go a long way toward getting the attention of nonachieving students.Wendell Berry FARMING AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
The author believes that in order for farming to be sustainable, it must follow practices set by ecosystems and human communities, not set by the industrial system.Mark Twain THE DAMNED HUMAN RACE
With scathing irony, this celebrated writer exposes the violent nature of the lowest creature on Earth: the human being.Anna Quindlen DRIVING TO THE FUNERAL
Every year high school students die in car accidents when other teens are driving. What can be done to stop these tragedies?Examining an Issue: Gender-Based Education
Gerry Garibaldi HOW THE SCHOOLS SHORTCHANGE BOYS
The author contends that teaching is geared toward the learning style of girls, which leaves boys at a disadvantage.Michael Kimmel A WAR AGAINST BOYS?
A gender studies researcher believes that if boys seem to perform worse than girls in school, important factors such as race and class may be at work – not a bias against boys in general.Examining an Issue: Organ Donation
Alexander T. Tabarrok A MORAL SOLUTION TO THE ORGAN SHORTAGE
To encourage people to donate organs, the author proposes limiting the receipt of donated organs to only those who agree to donate themselves.Virginia Postrel NEED TRANSPLANT DONORS? PAY THEM
Paying people who donate organs is one solution to the shortage of organs available for transplants.
Examining an Issue: Government Regulation to Help Control Obesity and Related Issues
Mark Bittman WHAT CAUSES WEIGHT GAIN
The food columnist and popular TV personality Mark Bittman takes a stand against hyperprocessed food that he believes is making Americans obese, advocating for government programs to help Americans gain control of their eating habits.Michael Marlow & Sherzod Abdukadirov GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION WILL NOT SOLVE OUR OBESITY PROBLEM
As leading researchers, Marlow and Abdukadirov make the argument that there is no easy answer to the issue of obesity in the United States and that individuals—not governments—must take the initiative in combating this serious issue.Additional Writing Topics
12 COMBINING THE PATTERNS
The Patterns in Action: During the Writing ProcessHilary Rodham Clinton REMARKS TO THE U.N. 4TH WORLD CONFERENCE ON WOMEN PLENARY SESSION
The Patterns in Action: In an Essay 572
Student Essay: “Dating Then and Now: A Convoluted Mess” by Houston Barber
Hillary Rodham Clinton, considered by many to be the leading female political figure in the United States, makes an impassioned plea for women’s rights around the globe.Martin Luther King, Jr. WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE: CHAOS OR COMMUNITY?
America’s most influential civil rights leader pleads eloquently for a drastic change in the way that governments pursue world peace.Joan Didion MARRYING ABSURD
Essayist Didion turns her curious gaze on the wedding industry of Las Vegas, a city created to gratify the illusions of hopeful gamblers, whether at the roulette wheel or in love.Jonathan Swift A MODEST PROPOSAL
In this classic eighteenth-century satirical essay, the Irish writer Jonathan Swift proposes an unthinkable solution to the starvation that is claiming the lives of thousands of his fellow countrymen.APPENDIX A: A GUIDE TO USING SOURCES
Evaluating Source MaterialsAPPENDIX B: AVOIDING TEN COMMON WRITING ERRORS
EVALUATING ARTICLES AND BOOKS: A CHECKLIST
EVALUATING INTERNET MATERIALS: A CHECKLIST
Analyzing and Synthesizing Source Material
ANALYZING AND SYNTHESIZING SOURCE MATERIAL: A CHECKLIST
Using Quotation, Summary, and Paraphrasing Without Plagiarizing
USING QUOTATION, SUMMARY, AND PARAPHRASE: A CHECKLIST
Avoiding Plagiarism
Integrating Sources into Your Writing
INTEGRATING SOURCES INTO YOUR WRITING: A CHECKLIST
Documenting Sources: MLA Style
How to Document: MLA In-Text References
USING MLA PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES: A CHECKLIST
How to Document: MLA List of Works Cited
Citing Print Sources—Books
Citing Print Sources—Periodicals
Citing Sources Found on a Website
Citing Sources Found Through an Online Database or Scholarly Project
Citing Other Common Sources
1 FragmentsGLOSSARY
2 Comma Splices and Run-ons
3 Faulty Subject-Verb Agreement
4 Faulty Pronoun Agreement
5 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
6 Faulty Parallelism
7 Comma Misuse
8 Apostrophe Misuse
9 Confusing Homonyms
10 Misuse of Italics and Underlining
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INDEX
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