Lower and Middle Paleolithic Artefacts from

'Clay-with-flints' refers to deposits lying on the hilltops and plateaux of the Chalk Downlands of southern England. This study is based on the archaeology, geology and sedimentology of these deposits and forms a comprehensive review of the Palaeolithic stone tools found embedded within them. Evidence relating to the author's excavations at the Lower Palaeolithic site of Wood Hill in East Kent (1993-1994) provides the foundation for her discussion of these clay-with-flint deposits and the earliest occupation of southern England. Since this work presents much new information, two explanatory sections outline the theoretical analysis of the deposits and the processes of their function as well as the methodology for studying and identifying in-situ Palaeolithic material.

Preface

vii

Acknowledgements

ix

General Introduction. The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in Britain and Europe

1

(6)

The Chalk Downlands of southern England

7

(12)

The superficial deposits mapped as Clay-with-flints

19

(8)

Lower and Middle Palaeolithic artefacts found in relation to deposits mapped as Clay-with-flints

27

(3)

The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic `embedded' find-sites in deposits mapped as Clay-with-flints

30

(37)

The `re-discovery' of a Lower Palaeolithic site at Wood Hill, Kingsdown, near Deal, East Kent. - Introduction to the Case-study

67

(105)

Section 6

Excavating a Palaeolithic site on deposits mapped as Clay-with-flints: site methodology; excavation techniques; initial recording procedures and sampling strategy

76

(8)

Fabric analysis, (orientation data) analysis and discussion

84

(14)

Particle-size data analysis and discussion

98

(13)

Clay mineral analysis - a key to Palaeolithic sites?

111

(2)

Lithological analysis, particle shapes and surface features

113

(6)

The Resistivity survey

119

(10)

Fossils, nodules and artefacts

129

(4)

Description and analysis of the Lower Palaeolithic artefacts recovered during the Wood Hill, 1993 excavation and the Wood Hill, 1994 resistivity survey

133

(7)

The Wood Hill Biface (WH93.F38)

140

(8)

Burnt flints, dates and discussions

148

(4)

Conclusion to the Case-study, including three models: The evolution of the Wood Hill site; the Lower Palaeolithic occupation of this site; pattern of artefact distribution - a reduction sequence

152

(20)

General Conclusion. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic artefacts found in relation to deposits mapped as Clay-with-flints on the Chalk Downlands of southern England

172

(4)

Bibliography

176

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Lower and Middle Paleolithic Artefacts from Deposits Mapped As Clay-With-Flints: A New Synthesis With Significant Implications for the Earliest Occupation of Britain

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Table of Contents

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