Mainstreaming Building Energy Efficiency

Urbanisation and growing wealth in developing countries portend a large increase of demand for modern energy services in residential, commercial and public-service buildings in the coming decades. Pursuing energy efficiency in buildings is vital to energy security in developing countries and is identified by the Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change as having the greatest potential for cost-effective reduction of CO2 emissions by 2030 among all energy-consuming sectors. Building energy efficiency codes (BEECs), along with energy efficiency standards for major appliances and equipment, are broadly recognised as a necessary government intervention to overcome persistent market barriers to capturing the economic potential of energy efficiency gains in the residential, commercial and public-service sectors. Implementation of BEECs help prevent costly energy wastes over the lifecycles of buildings in space heating, air conditioning, lighting, and other energy service requirements. This report summarises the findings of an extensive literature survey of the experiences of implementing BEECs in developed countries, as well as those from case studies of China, Egypt, India, and Mexico. This report highlights the key challenges to improving compliance enforcement in developing countries, including government commitment to energy efficiency, the effectiveness of government oversight of the construction sector, the compliance capacity of building supply chain, and financing constraints.

Foreword	p. viii
Acknowledgments	p. x
Acronyms and Abbreviations	p. xi
Definitions	p. xv
Executive Summary	p. xx
Key Messages	p. xx
Main Findings and Conclusions	p. xxi
Recommendations and International Assistance Strategies	p. xxvii
Introduction	p. 1
Energy Use in Residential, Commercial, and Public-Service Buildings	p. 1
Energy-Savings Opportunities in Buildings	p. 4
Market Barriers and Building Energy Efficiency Codes	p. 7
The Role of Incentives	p. 11
Key Challenges to Implementing BEECs in Developing Countries	p. 13
Building Energy Efficiency Codes and Elements of Compliance	p. 16
The Nature of Building Energy Efficiency Codes and Compliance Approaches	p. 16
Development and Implementation of BEECs	p. 19
Enforcement of BEECs	p. 26
Compliance Approaches and Enforcement Interactions	p. 27
Toward Low-Energy and Green Buildings	p. 30
Global Status of Building Energy Efficiency Codes and Compliance	p. 34
Status Quo of BEECs in Developing Countries and Economies in Transition	p. 34
Track Record of BEEC Compliance and Enforcement	p. 40
European and U.S. Experiences in Development and Implementation of BEECs	p. 43
European Union: Early Efforts and Enforcement Approaches in Selected Countries	p. 43
Toward Regional Harmonization: the EU Energy Performance in Buildings Directive	p. 50
United States: State-Level Adoption of BEECs	p. 52
Compliance and Enforcement of BEECs in the United States	p. 57
Lessons Learned from the Pioneers	p. 66
Experiences from Early Adopters of BEECs in Developing Countries	p. 70
Summary of Case Studies: China, Egypt, India, and Mexico	p. 70
Urbanization and Energy Use in the Buildings in the Four Countries	p. 71
Development and Implementation of BEECs	p. 72
Lessons Learned from the Early Adopters	p. 83
Mainstreaming BEECs in Developing Countries and International Assistance Strategies	p. 85
Expand and Strengthen the Political Support for Energy Efficiency	p. 86
Improve the Effectiveness of Government Supervision of the Building Construction Sector	p. 86
Develop Technical and Engineering Capacity of the Supply Chain	p. 87
Bridge the Gap in Incremental Cost Financing	p. 89
Appendixes	p. 91
Case Study: Implementing Building Energy Efficiency Codes in China	p. 93
Case Study: Building Energy Efficiency Codes in Egypt	p. 111
Case Study: Toward Implementation of the Energy Conservation Building Code in India	p. 125
Case Study: Mexico-Breaking Building Energy Efficiency Grounds with a National Low-Income Housing Program	p. 144
Case Study: BEEC Implementation in the U.S. State of California	p. 163
Case Study: BEECs in Selected Countries in Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa	p. 176
Voluntary Low-Energy/Green Building Schemes	p. 179
References	p. 182
Tables
Incentives for Adopting or Exceeding the Requirements of BEECs	p. 12
Institutional Options for Enforcement of Building Codes, Including BEECs	p. 29
Regional Status of BEECs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries*	p. 36
Experience with BEEC Compliance around the World	p. 41
Main Features of Building Permit Procedures in Selected European Countries	p. 45
Public- and Private-Sector Roles in Building Control in Selected European Countries	p. 46
Enforcement Models for BEEC Control in Selected European Countries	p. 46
Instruments for BEEC Enforcement	p. 48
Extent of Compliance with BEECs and Underlying Problems	p. 49
EPBD Requirements to Be Implemented in Each EU Member State	p. 51
Code Compliance Rates for Residential Buildings in U.S. States, 2005	p. 57
California-Summary of Building Measure Noncompliance Estimates	p. 58
Basic Country Data-China, Egypt, India, and Mexico	p. 71
BEECs in China, Egypt, India, and Mexico	p. 75
Conditions for Implementation of BEECs	p. 78
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Mainstreaming Building Energy Efficiency Codes in Developing Countries Global Experiences and Lessons from Early Adopters

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