Major Problems in American Foreign Relations

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ISBN: 9780395938850 | 0395938856
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 9/24/1999

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Designed to encourage critical thinking about history, this reader uses a carefully-selected group of primary sources and analytical essays to allow students to test the interpretations of distinguished historians, and draw their own conclusions on the material presented.

Preface

xvii

Approaching the Study of American Foreign Relations

(32)

Essays

The World-System, Hegemony, and Decline

(4)

Thomas J. McCormick

Cultural Interactions

(7)

Emily S. Rosenberg

The Gendering of Peoples and Nations

(5)

Andrew Rotter

Racism in American Ideology

(5)

Michael H. Hunt

National Security, Core Values, and Power

(2)

Melvyn P. Leffler

Bureaucratic Politics and Policy Outcomes

(7)

J. Garry Clifford

the First World War, and the League Fight

(43)

Woodrow Wilson

Documents

The First Lusitania Note, 1915

(1)

Robert Lansing and Johann-Heinrich Bernstorff Debate Submarine Warfare, 1916

(2)

President Woodrow Wilson's War Message, 1917

(2)

Senator Robert M. La Follette Voices His Dissent, 1917

(1)

The Fourteen Points, 1918

(1)

Articles 10 through 16 of the League Covenant, 1919

(2)

Wilson Defends the Peace Treaty and League, 1919

(4)

The Lodge Reservations, 1919

(2)

Essays

Wilson's Higher Realism

(5)

Arthur S. Link

The Peace Advocate Out of Touch with Reality

(8)

Jan Wilhelm Schulte-Nordholt

Wilson's Battle for the League: Progressive Internationalists Confront the Forces of Reaction

(13)

Thomas J. Knock

The International History of the 1920s

(39)

Documents

Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes on Naval Disarmament, 1921

(3)

The Isolationist Chicago Tribune Denounces Europe's Folly, 1921

(1)

Debts and German Reparations: Hughes Calls on Private Experts for Help, 1922

(2)

Manuel Ugarte Identifies the United States as the ``New Rome,'' 1923

(2)

``Trade Follows the Film,'' 1925

(2)

Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover Extols U. S. Foreign Trade, 1926

(2)

The Kellogg-Briand Pact Outlaws War, 1928

(1)

Essays

Oblivious to Reality: The Extremes of American Isolationism and Internationalism

(4)

Norman A. Graebner

Powerful, Secure, and Involved: What More Should the United States Have Done?

(9)

John Braeman

U. S. Cultural Expansion in an Era of Systemic Upheaval

104

(11)

Frank Costigliola

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Origins of the Second World War in the Pacific

115

(51)

Documents

The Stimson Doctrine, 1932

118

(1)

President Franklin D. Roosevelt Proposes to ``Quarantine'' Aggressors, 1937

118

(2)

Japan Envisions a ``New Order'' in Asia, 1938

120

(1)

Stanley K. Hornbeck Urges Economic Sanctions Against Japan, 1938

121

(1)

Ambassador Joseph C. Grew Warns Against Economic Sanctions, 1939

122

(3)

Japanese Proposals to the United States, November 1941

125

(2)

American Proposals to Japan, November 1941

127

(2)

The Japanese Position, Presented on December 7, 1941

129

(2)

Roosevelt's War Message, 1941

131

(2)

Essays

Clash of Systems: The International Community Confronts Japanese Aggression

133

(15)

Akira Iriye

Miscalculation and Economic Sanctions: U. S. Hardliners Ensure War with Japan

148

(7)

Hosoya Chihiro

Roosevelt's Global Perspective: The Russian Factor in Japanese-American Relations

155

(11)

Waldo Heinrichs

Defeating the Axis, Planning the Peace: The Second World War

166

(35)

Documents

Roosevelt Promises a Second Front, 1942

168

(1)

Joseph Stalin Conveys Impatience over a Second Front, 1943

169

(2)

Roosevelt and Stalin Discuss the ``Four Policemen,'' at the Teheran Conference, 1943

171

(1)

Winston S. Churchill and Stalin Cut Their Percentages Deal, 1944

172

(1)

The Yalta Protocol of Proceedings, 1945

173

(4)

The Yalta Agreement on Soviet Entry into the War Against Japan, 1945

177

(1)

Roosevelt's Anger with Stalin, 1945

178

(1)

Roosevelt's Last Letter to Churchill, 1945

179

(1)

Essays

Franklin D. Roosevelt's Successful Wartime Diplomacy

180

(11)

Warren F. Kimball

The Failure of Roosevelt's Wartime Diplomacy

191

(10)

Joseph L. Harper

The Origins of the Cold War

201

(66)

Documents

Harry Hopkins and Joseph Stalin Discuss Lend-Lease and Poland, 1945

205

(2)

The Franck Committee Predicts a Nuclear-Arms Race If the Atomic Bomb Is Dropped on Japan, 1945

207

(1)

Henry L. Stimson Appeals for Atomic Talks with the Soviets, 1945

208

(2)

George F. Kennan's ``Long Telegram,'' 1946

210

(2)

Winston S. Churchill's ``Iron Curtain'' Speech, 1946

212

(2)

Henry A. Wallace Questions the ``Get Tough'' Policy, 1946

214

(2)

Soviet Ambassador Nikolai Novikov Identifies a U. S. Drive for World Supremacy, 1946

216

(4)

The Truman Doctrine, 1947

220

(3)

The Marshall Plan (Economic Cooperation Act of 1948)

223

(1)

National Security Council Paper No. 68 (NSC-68), 1950

223

(4)

Essays

Secrets and Threats: Atomic Diplomacy and Soviet-American Antagonism

227

(14)

Barton J. Berstein

Two Cold War Empires: Imposition vs. Invitation

241

(13)

John Lewis Gaddis

George F. Kennan and the Gendering of Soviet Russia

254

(13)

Frank Costigliola

Mao's China and the Chances for Sino-American Accommodation

267

(32)

Documents

U. S. Ambassador John Leighton Stuart Reports Mao's Overture, 1949

269

(2)

Zhou Enlai's (Chou En-lai's) Demarche, 1949

271

(1)

The State Department Responds to the Demarche, 1949

272

(1)

President Harry S. Truman Downplays the Demarche, 1949

273

(1)

Secretary of State Dean Acheson Presents the ``White Paper,'' 1949

273

(3)

Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) Denounces U. S. ``Imperialism,'' 1949

276

(2)

Bo Yibo Remembers the Origins of China's ``Lean to One Side'' Policy (1949--1950), 1991

278

(2)

Senator William Knowland Argues Against Recognition, 1950

280

(3)

Essays

No Lost Chance: The Chinese Communists Rejected Accommodation

283

(6)

Jian Chen

The Lost Chance for Peace: Washington Rejected Chinese Communist Overtures

289

(10)

Thomas J. Christensen

The Korean War

299

(39)

Documents

Secretary of State Dean Acheson Defines the Defense Perimeter in Asia, 1950

301

(3)

Kim 1l Sung Pleads for Soviet Support, January 1950

304

(1)

President Harry S. Truman and His Advisers Confer at the ``Blair House Meeting,'' June 26, 1950

305

(3)

Mao Zedong Informs Joseph Stalin of China's Decision to Enter the Korean War, 1950

308

(1)

General Douglas MacArthur Dismisses the Likelihood of Chinese Intervention, 1950

309

(1)

Truman Discusses the Possible Use of Atomic Weapons in Korea, 1950

310

(1)

Truman Defends U. S. Policy, 1951

311

(2)

MacArthur's ``No Substitute for Victory'' Speech, 1951

313

(2)

Essays

Korea's Civil War and the Roots of U. S. Intervention

315

(14)

Bruce Cumings

Korea: Stalin's Catastrophe

329

(9)

Vladislov Zubok

Constantine Pleshakov

Dwight D. Eisenhower and Nuclear Arms

338

(43)

Documents

National Security Council Paper No. 162/2 (NCS-162/2) Promotes Atomic Power, 1953

341

(1)

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles Explains Massive Retaliation, 1954

342

(2)

Dulles and President Dwight D. Eisenhower Threaten to Use Nuclear Weapons: The Taiwan Strait Crisis, 1955

344

(1)

The National Security Council Discusses the Ramifications of Sputnik, 1957

345

(2)

SANE Protests the Nuclear-Arms Race, 1957

347

(2)

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev Reflects on the Nuclear-Arms Race, 1970

349

(2)

Senator John F. Kennedy Presses for More Military Spending to Close the Missile Gap, 1960

351

(1)

Eisenhower Warns Against the ``Military-Industrial Complex,'' 1961

352

(2)

Essays

Eisenhower's Heroic but Failed Crusade Against Militarization

354

(14)

Michael S. Sherry

Eisenhower's Reckless Nuclear Gamble over the Taiwan Strait

368

(13)

Gordon H. Chang

He Di

Cuba and the Missile Crisis

381

(60)

Documents

CIA Assassination Plots Against Fidel Castro (1960--1965), 1975

383

(4)

Guidelines for Operation Mongoose, 1962

387

(1)

Cuba Protests U. S. Aggression, October 8, 1962

388

(2)

Missiles Photographed in Cuba: President John F. Kennedy Meets with His Advisers, October 16, 1962

390

(6)

Ambassador Charles E. Bohlen's Call for Diplomacy Is Rejected, October 17, 1962

396

(2)

Kennedy Addresses the Nation, October 22, 1962

398

(4)

Premier Nikita Khrushchev Asks for a U. S. No-Invasion Pledge, October 26, 1962

402

(2)

Khrushchev Requests U. S. Removal of Jupiter Missiles from Turkey, October 27, 1962

404

(1)

Kennedy and ExComm Consider Trading the Jupiter Missiles in Turkey, October 27, 1962

405

(1)

Anastas I. Mikoyan and Fidel Castro Debate and Review the Crisis, November 4--5, 1962

406

(3)

Essays

Kennedy's Controlled Response to Krushchev's Cuban Gamble

409

(15)

Ernest R. May

Philip D. Zelikow

Spinning Out of Control: Kennedy's War Against Cuba and the Missile Crisis

424

(17)

Thomas G. Paterson

The Vietnam War

441

(38)

Documents

The Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945

444

(1)

President Dwight D. Eisenhower Advances the Domino Theory, 1954

445

(1)

Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference on Indochina, 1954

446

(1)

General Vo Nguyen Giap Outlines His People's War Strategy, 1961

447

(2)

The Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 1964

449

(1)

President Lyndon B. Johnson Explains Why Americans Fight in Vietnam, 1965

449

(3)

Johnson Questions Dissenting Under Secretary of State George Ball, 1965

452

(2)

Senator J. William Fullbright Decries the ``Arrogance of Power,'' 1966

454

(1)

Former Secretary of Defense Clark M. Clifford Recalls His Post-Tet Questions (1968), 1969

455

(3)

Former Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara Concludes That He Erred, 1995

458

(1)

Essays

Why the United States Failed in Vietnam

459

(9)

George C. Herring

America's Quest for a Capitalist World Order

468

(11)

Gabriel Kolko

the Grand Strategy, and Detente

479

(51)

Richard M. Nixon

Henry A. Kissinger

Documents

President Richard M. Nixon Recalls His Initial Goals (1968), 1978

481

(3)

The Nixon Doctrine, 1969

484

(1)

Nixon Explains the Five Power Centers of the New Global Economy, 1971

485

(2)

Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger Defines Detente, 1974

487

(3)

U. S. Covert Action in Chile (1963--1973), 1975

490

(4)

The Journalist Anthony Lewis Blasts Kissinger's Record, 1977

494

(2)

Essays

Nixon's Innovative Grand Design and the Wisdom of Detente

496

(15)

Joan Hoff

Why Detente Failed

511

(12)

Raymond L. Garthoff

Kissinger's Realism Without Morality

523

(7)

Walter Isaacson

The United States Encounters the Middle East

530

(61)

Documents

President Chaim Weizmann Requests U. S. Help for Israel's ``Pioneers,'' 1948

535

(1)

Egypt's GamelAbdul Nasser Justifies Nationalizing the Suez Canal, 1956

536

(1)

The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957

537

(1)

Conservative Saudi Prince Faisal Voices Opposition to Nasser, 1962

538

(1)

Lyndon Johnson Blames Moscow and the Arab States for the June 1967 War, 1971

539

(3)

United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, 1967

542

(1)

The Palestinian National Covenant, 1968

543

(4)

The Carter Doctrine, 1980

547

(3)

Essays

Popular Culture, Gender, and America's Special Relationship with Israel

550

(10)

Michelle Mart

Cold War, Domestic Politics, and America's Strategic Ties with Israel, Iran, and Saudi Arabia

560

(14)

Douglas Little

Oil, Revolution, and Jimmy Carter's Iran Debacle

574

(17)

Daniel Yergin

The Cold War Ends and the Post--Cold War Era Begins

591

(4)

Documents

President Ronald Reagan Denounces the Soviet Union, 1981

595

(1)

Reagan Touts U. S. Military Power and Introduces the Strategic Defense Initiative, 1983

595

(2)

General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev Identifies U. S. Delusions, 1985

597

(1)

Reagan Defends SDI After the Reykjavik Summit Meeting, 1986

598

(2)

Gorbachev Criticizes SDI After the Reykjavik Summit Meeting, 1986

600

(2)

Paul Kennedy on ``Imperial Overstretch'' and the Relative Decline of the United States, 1987

602

(2)

Georgi Arbatov Explains the ``New Thinking'' in the Soviet Union, 1989

604

(3)

President George Bush Declares a New World Order During the Persian Gulf Crisis, 1990

607

(1)

President William J. Clinton Applauds America's Globalism and Warns Against a New Isolationism, 1995

608

(3)

Essays

Superpower Decline and Hegemonic Survival

611

(7)

Thomas G. Paterson

Hanging Tough Paid Off

618

(4)

John Lewis Gaddis

Engagement and Anti-Nuclearism, Not Containment, Brought an End to the Cold War

622

(6)

Daniel Deudney

G. John Ikenberry

America's Misguided Quest for Unipolar Hegemony in the Post-Cold War World

628

Samuel P. Huntington

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Major Problems in American Foreign Relations

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials