Making Open Development Inclusive Lessons

Drawing on ten years of empirical work and research, analyses of how open development has played out in practice.

A decade ago, a significant trend toward openness emerged in international development. “Open development” can describe initiatives as disparate as open government, open health data, open science, open education, and open innovation. The theory was that open systems related to data, science, and innovation would enable more inclusive processes of human development. This volume, drawing on ten years of empirical work and research, analyzes how open development has played out in practice

Focusing on development practices in the Global South, the contributors explore the crucial questions of who is allowed to participate when an initiative is “open” and who benefits—or not—from them, finding that processes characterized as open can sometimes be exclusionary in their implementation. Examining a wide range of cases, they consider the governance of open development ecosystems and the implementation of a variety of applications, including open educational resources, collaborative science, and the uses of crowdsourcing.

Contributors

Denisse Albornoz, Chris Armstrong, Savita Bailur, Roxana Barrantes, Carla Bonina, Michael Cañares, Leslie Chan, Laura Czerniewicz, Jeremy de Beer, Stefano De Sabbata, Shirin Elahi, Alison Gillwald, Mark Graham, Rebecca Hillyer, Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams, Dick Kawooya, Erika Kramer-Mbula, Paulo Matos, Caroline Ncube, Chidi Oguamanam, Angela Okune, Alejandro Posada, Nagla Rizk, Isaac Rutenberg, Tobias Schonwetter, Fabrizio Scrollini, Ruhiya Kristine Seward, Raed Sharif, Matthew Smith, William Randall Spence, Henry Trotter, François van Schalkwyk, Sonal Zavaeri

Matthew L. Smith is Senior Program Specialist at the International Development Research Centre in Ottawa. He is coeditor of Open Development: Networked Innovation in International Development (MIT Press and IDRC).

Ruhiya Kristine Seward is Senior Program Officer at the International Development Research Centre.

Matthew L. Smith is Senior Program Specialist at the International Development Research Centre in Ottawa. He is coeditor of Open Development: Networked Innovation in International Development (MIT Press and IDRC).

Ruhiya Kristine Seward is Senior Program Officer at the International Development Research Centre.

Matthew L. Smith is Senior Program Specialist at the International Development Research Centre in Ottawa. He is coeditor of Open Development: Networked Innovation in International Development (MIT Press and IDRC).

Ruhiya Kristine Seward is Senior Program Officer at the International Development Research Centre.

Mark Graham is Professor of Internet Geography at the Oxford Internet Institute at the University of Oxford the editor (with William H. Dutton) of Society and the Internet: How Networks of Information and Communication Are Changing Our Lives.

Matthew L. Smith is Senior Program Specialist at the International Development Research Centre in Ottawa. He is coeditor of Open Development: Networked Innovation in International Development (MIT Press and IDRC).

Ruhiya Kristine Seward is Senior Program Officer at the International Development Research Centre.

Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
Foreword by Robin Mansell xi
1 Introduction: Governing Openness in an Unequal World 1
Matthew L. Smith and Ruhiya Kristine Seward
I Defining Open Development
2 Updating Open Development: Open Practices in Inclusive Development 23
Matthew L. Smith and Ruhiya Kristine Seward
3 Open Innovation in Development: Integrating Theory and Practice across Open Science, Open Access, and Open Data 51
Jeremy de Beer
II Governing the Open Development Ecosystem
4 Gender and Equity in Openness: Forgotten Spaces 87
Sonal Zaveri
5 The Geographic Contours of Openness 119
Mark Graham and Stefano De Sabbata
6 Ecologies of (Open) Access: Toward a Knowledge Society 143
Laura Czerniewicz
7 Open Provision: Changing Economic and Human Development Perspectives 157
William Randall Spence and Matthew L. Smith
8 Openness in Telecommunications Reform and Practice: The Case of Open Access Broadband Networks, Public Wi-Fi, and Zero-Rating 183
Alison Gillwald
9 Who Benefits from Open Models? The Role of ICT Access in the Consumption of Open Activities 219
Roxana Barrantes and Paulo Matos III Governing Open Development Applications
10 Open Government Data for Inclusive Development 251
François van Schalkwyk and Michael Cañares
11 Governing Open Health Data in Latin America 291
Carla Bonina and Fabrizio Scrollini
12 Open Educational Resources and Practices in the Global South: Degrees of Social Inclusion 317
Henry Trotter and Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams
13 Toward an Inclusive, Open, and Collaborative Science: Lessons from OCSDNet 357
Rebecca Hillyer, Denisse Albornoz, Alejandro Posada, Angela Okune, and Leslie Chan
14 The Inclusivity of Crowdsourcing and Implications for Development 381
Savita Bailur and Raed Sharif
15 Open Innovation in Africa: Current Realities, Future Scenarios, and Scalable Solutions 403
Jeremy de Beer, Chris Armstrong, Shirin Elahi, Dick Kawooya, Erika Kramer-Mbula, Caroline Ncube, Chidi Oguamanam, Nagla Rizk, Isaac Rutenberg, and Tobias Schonwetter
16 Conclusion: Understanding the Inclusive Potential of Open Development 431
Ruhiya Kristine Seward
Contributors 447
Index 459

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Making Open Development Inclusive Lessons from IDRC Research

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials