The Manufacture of High Temperature Superconducting Tapes and Films

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ISBN: 9781581120790 | 1581120796
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 11/1/1999

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The phenomena of superconductivity has enormous industrial potential, but the penetration of superconductor-based products has, thus far, been slow. An indisputable fact is that there are prizes, and profits, for the teams that solve the critical problems in understanding and processing these complex materials. The continuous processing of superconducting tapes and wires is a necessary stage that will open up the industrial market to the designers of a diverse range of time and energy saving devices, particularly in ultra-fast computing and lossless power transmission.

Introduction	p. 1
What is Superconductivity? - An Historical Overview	p. 1
Superconducting Properties	p. 5
Type I and Type II superconductors	p. 8
Theories of Superconductivity	p. 9
Manufacture of Superconducting Tapes and Films	p. 10
Molecular Beam Epitaxy	p. 10
Sputtering	p. 11
Thermal Spraying/Deposition	p. 11
Laser Deposition	p. 11
Sol-Gel Techniques	p. 12
Powder-in-Tube (PIT) Method	p. 12
Electrodeposition	p. 13
The Scope of this Work	p. 13
Thesis Outline	p. 14
References	p. 15
Characterisation Techniques	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD)	p. 1
Instrumentation	p. 1
XRS Data Analysis	p. 2
Theory of Diffraction	p. 3
Scanning Electron Microscopy	p. 3
Sem Operation	p. 4
Sample Preparation	p. 6
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy	p. 7
AC Susceptibility	p. 8
Experimental procedure	p. 8
Vibrating Sample Magnetometry	p. 10
VSM Operation	p. 11
Squid Magnetometer	p. 11
Transport Critical Current Rig	p. 14
Potentiostat	p. 15
Summary	p. 17
References	p. 18
Synthesis and Characterisation of Thallium-Based Powder and Aq-Sheathed Tapes	p. 1
Synthesis of the Thallium-Based Superconducting Powder	p. 1
The Manufacture of Thallium-Based Superconducting Tapes via the PIT Technique	p. 4
Background	p. 4
Synthesis and Characterisation of (Tl,Pb,Bi)-1223 Powder	p. 4
Fabrication and Characterisation of (Tl,Pb,Bi)-1223 Tapes	p. 7
Results and Discussion	p. 8
Conclusions	p. 17
Further Work	p. 17
References	p. 18
Electrochemistry and Electrodeposition of Superconductor Constituents	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Theory of Electrochemistry	p. 1
Basic Electrochemistry	p. 1
The Double Layer	p. 3
Mass Transport	p. 7
Diffusion	p. 8
Convection	p. 8
Migration	p. 8
Concentration Profile	p. 9
Cyclic Voltammetry	p. 12
Reversible Systems	p. 14
Irreversible and Quasi-reversible Systems	p. 16
Chronoamperometry	p. 17
Experimental Considerations	p. 18
Reference Electrode	p. 18
Solvent Selection	p. 19
Supporting Electrolyte and Complexing Agents	p. 20
Substrate Preparation	p. 21
Nitrate Salt Dehydration	p. 22
Dry Box Electrochemistry	p. 23
R[subscript u] Drop	p. 25
Electrochemistry of Superconductor Constituents	p. 26
Experimental	p. 26
Electrochemistry of Copper	p. 26
Electrochemistry of Lead	p. 31
Electrochemistry of Thallium	p. 34
Electrochemistry of Bismuth	p. 37
Electrochemistry of Mercury	p. 40
Electrochemistry of Barium, Strontium, and Calcium	p. 43
Electrodeposition of Superconductor Constituents	p. 47
What is Electrodeposition?	p. 47
Experimental	p. 48
Electrodeposition of Cu, Pb, Tl, Bi, Ba, Sr, and Ca	p. 48
Conclusions	p. 52
References	p. 53
Experimental Considerations for the Electrodeposition of Superconducting Precursor Films	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Electrodeposition of High Temperature Superconductors	p. 2
Experimental Considerations	p. 8
Selecting the Correct Applied Potential	p. 8
Temperature Stability	p. 12
The Effect of Water	p. 13
Metallic lon Depletion	p. 14
Substrate Selection	p. 15
Electrodeposition: Silent, Stirring, and Ultrasonic	p. 16
Silent Deposition	p. 16
Stirred Deposition	p. 17
Deposition in the Presence of an Ultrasonic Field	p. 18
Electrodeposition of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu Films	p. 23
Solution Optimisation	p. 23
Reproducibility and Heat Treatment	p. 29
Conclusions	p. 31
References	p. 32
Electrodeposition of Thallium-Based Superconductor Precursor Films	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Experimental Procedure	p. 2
Electrodeposition of Ba-Ca-Cu Films	p. 3
Electrodeposition of Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu Films	p. 7
Electrodeposition of Tl-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu Films	p. 9
Constant Potential Deposition of TPSCC Films	p. 10
Pulsed Potential Deposition of TPSCC Films	p. 12
Towards a Two Stage Process for the Manufacture of TPSCC films	p. 15
Electrodeposition of Hg-Ba-Ca-Cu Films	p. 18
Discussion and Further Work	p. 19
References	p. 21
Superconducting Properties of Electrodeposited Films	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Superconductivity in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu Films	p. 1
Superconductivity in Tl-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu Films	p. 9
Critical Current Densities in Electrodeposited Superconducting Films	p. 13
Conclusions and Discussion	p. 14
References	p. 15
Summary and Discussion	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Pit Fabricated Tapes	p. 1
Electrochemistry and Electrodeposition	p. 3
Other Processing Methods	p. 7
Final Comment	p. 9
References	p. 10
The Bean Model	p. 1
Thickness of an Electrodeposited Film	p. 1
Publications List	p. 1
Papers	p. 1
Conference Presentations	p. 1
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The Manufacture of High Temperature Superconducting Tapes and Films

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