Mapping the Risks Assessing Homeland Security

Assesses the homeland security implications of publicly available geospatial data and information.

Preface

iii

Sponsor Guidance

v

The RAND Corporation Quality Assurance Process

vii

Figures

xiii

Tables

xv

Summary

xvii

Acknowledgments

xxxv

Abbreviations

xxxvii

CHAPTER ONE Introduction

1

(16)

Assessing the Homeland Security Implication of Geospatial Information

3

(3)

Public Access to Geospatial Information

6

(2)

Research Objectives

8

(2)

Research Methodology

10

(2)

Demand-Side Methodology

10

(1)

Supply-Side Methodology

11

(1)

Need for an Analytical Framework

12

(2)

How the Report Is Organized

14

(3)

CHAPTER TWO What Are the Attackers' Key Information Needs?

17

(24)

Methodology

18

(1)

Defining the Threat Space

19

(2)

The Attacker: Motivations, Strategies, and Modalities of Attack

21

(1)

The Attacker's Tool Box: Types of Weapons Considered

22

(2)

A General Model of Attacker Information Needs

24

(14)

Accessibility and Critical Sites

27

(2)

How the Attacker Acquires the Necessary Information

29

(5)

Harmonizing Objectives, Attack Modalities, and Information Requirements

34

(3)

Lessons from Analysis of Attackers' Information Demands

37

(1)

Attackers Have Substantial Flexibility in Fulfilling Their Information Needs

38

(1)

Summary

39

(2)

CHAPTER THREE What Publicly Available Geospatial Information Is Significant to Potential Attackers' Needs?

41

(52)

Federal Geospatial Information in the Public Domain

42

(6)

Structured Survey Used to Identify Federal Geospatial Data Sources

42

(6)

Availability of Nonfederal Geospatial Information

48

(11)

Diverse Range of Nonfederal Geospatial Sources

50

(6)

Nonfederal Geospatial Sources Derived from Federal Sources

56

(3)

Assessing Whether Sources Contain Potentially Critical Site Information

59

(4)

Assessing the Potential Significance of This Information

63

(10)

Assessing Potential Usefulness of the Geospatial Information

64

(2)

Assessing the Uniqueness of the Geospatial Information

66

(3)

Assessing the Significance

69

(2)

A Closer Examination of the Potentially Significant Federal Databases

71

(2)

Case Studies Comparing Federal and Nonfederal Sources of Geospatial Information

73

(14)

DOI Minerals Management Service: Houchin Offshore Mining Platform Case Study

75

(8)

The Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory: Marcus Hook Facility Case Study

83

(4)

Other Observations About Publicly Accessible Federal Geospatial Information

87

(2)

Key Issues in Federal Agency Data Sources

87

(2)

Summary

89

(4)

CHAPTER FOUR An Analytical Framework for Assessing the Homeland Security Implications of Publicly Accessible Geospatial Information

93

(28)

Framework for Analysis: An Overview

94

(1)

Framework for Analysis: Three Analytical Filters

95

(10)

Filter 1: Assessing the Usefulness of Geospatial Information for Target Selection and Attack Planning

96

(2)

Filter 2: Assessing the Uniqueness of Geospatial Information

98

(1)

Filter 3: Weighing the Societal Benefits and Costs of Restricting Public Access to Geospatial Information

99

(4)

Quantifying the Benefits of Public Access to Geospatial Information

103

(2)

Illustrating the Framework

105

(7)

Options and Precedents for Permitting Conditional Public Access

110

(2)

Considerations in Restricting Public Access to Sensitive Data

112

(2)

Federal, State, and Local Government Concerns About Restricting Federal Data Access

112

(2)

Long-Term Need for a More Comprehensive Model

114

(5)

Summary

119

(2)

CHAPTER FIVE Key Findings and Recommendations

121

(10)

Key Findings

121

(3)

"Demand" Analysis Findings

121

(2)

"Supply" Analysis Findings

123

(1)

Broader Implications

124

(3)

General Recommendations

127

(1)

Agency-Specific Recommendations

128

(3)

APPENDIX

A. Federal Agencies Examined

131

(4)

B. Federal Geospatial Data Sources Identified

135

(36)

C. Detailed Examples of Geospatial Information Analyses

171

(8)

D. Overview of Critical U.S. Sites: Critical Infrastructure and Other Key Homeland Locations

179

(12)

Bibliography

191

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Mapping the Risks Assessing Homeland Security Implications of Publicly Available Geospatial Information

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials