Measurement and Calibration Requirements for

* Coverage of environmental management systems satisfying ISO 14000 enabling companies to demonstrate their commitment to responsible manufacturing

Dr. Morris Retired senior lecturer in the Department of Automatic Control & Systems Engineering at the University of Sheffield. He has taught the undergraduate course in measurement and instrumentation for nearly 30 years, as well as undergraduate courses in robot technology, engineering design and laboratory skills, and graduate level courses in robot control, modeling and measurement for quality assurance. He is the author of eight books and more than 130 research papers in the fields of measurement and instrumentation and robot control.

Preface

xi

(4)

Series Foreword

xv

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

1

(16)

1.1 General approach to quality systems

2

(1)

1.2 ISO 9000 quality standards

3

(5)

1.3 Applicability of ISO 9001-ISO 9003

8

(1)

1.4 ISO 14000 standards for environmental management systems

8

(1)

1.5 Summary of measurement and calibration requirements

9

(2)

1.6 Interpretation of measurement and calibration requirements

11

(2)

1.7 Standard measurement units

13

(2)

References

15

(2)

CHAPTER 2 Quality Systems in Manufacturing and Service Provision

17

(26)

2.1 Total quality management

18

(3)

2.2 Customer satisfaction

21

(1)

2.3 Quality policy and objectives

22

(1)

2.4 Quality plan for manufacturing operations

23

(4)

2.5 Quality plan for service functions

27

(1)

2.6 Quality plan for software production

27

(1)

2.7 Quality control system costing

28

(3)

2.8 Quality control system implementation

31

(5)

2.9 Quality system documentation

36

(1)

2.10 Quality assurance

37

(1)

2.11 Quality system audits

38

(2)

2.12 ISO 9000 registration

40

(1)

References

41

(3)

CHAPTER 3 Calibration Procedures

43

(12)

3.1 Process instrument calibration

44

(4)

3.2 Standards Laboratories

48

(1)

3.3 Validation of Standards Laboratories

48

(1)

3.4 Primary reference standards

49

(1)

3.5 Traceability

50

(1)

3.6 Documentation in the workplace

51

(2)

References

53

(2)

CHAPTER 4 Instrument Classification, Characteristics and Choice

55

(18)

4.1 Instrument classification

55

(4)

4.2 Static instrument characteristics

59

(8)

4.3 Dynamic instrument characteristics

67

(3)

4.4 Cost, durability and maintenance

70

(1)

References

71

(2)

CHAPTER 5 Sources of Measurement Error

73

(32)

5.1 Introduction

73

(1)

5.2 Random errors

74

(12)

5.3 Systematic errors

86

(9)

5.4 Error reduction using intelligent instruments

95

(4)

5.5 Total measurement system errors

99

(4)

References

103

(2)

CHAPTER 6 Transmission and Processing of Measurement Signals

105

(22)

6.1 Signal transmission

105

(5)

6.2 Signal processing

110

(14)

References

124

(3)

CHAPTER 7 Measurement Signal Recording and Data Presentation

127

(12)

7.1 Introduction

127

(1)

7.2 Measurement signal recording

128

(6)

7.3 Data presentation

134

(5)

CHAPTER 8 Practical Implementation of Measurement and Calibration Procedures

139

(10)

8.1 Choice of primary measuring instruments

139

(1)

8.2 Choice of secondary measuring instruments

140

(1)

8.3 Calculation of measurement accuracy

140

(1)

8.4 Calibration procedures

141

(4)

8.5 Procedure following calibration

145

(1)

8.6 Documentation of measurement and calibration systems

145

(2)

8.7 Instrument records

147

(2)

CHAPTER 9 Reliability in Manufacturing Systems

149

(14)

9.1 Introduction

149

(1)

9.2 Reliability quantification in quasi-absolute terms

150

(3)

9.3 Failure patterns

153

(1)

9.4 Reliability quantification in probabilistic terms

154

(1)

9.5 Laws of reliability in complex systems

155

(3)

9.6 Availability of complex systems

158

(1)

9.7 Reliability calculations for sample systems

158

(3)

9.8 Achieving high reliability

161

(1)

References

162

(1)

CHAPTER 10 Software Quality Metrics

163

(16)

10.1 Introduction

163

(2)

10.2 General quality metrics

165

(1)

10.3 Quality metrics in terms of reliability

166

(7)

References

173

(6)

CHAPTER 11 Statistical Process Control

179

(14)

11.1 Conditions for application of statistical process control

176

(1)

11.2 Principles of statistical process control

177

(1)

11.3 XBAR chart (or MEAN chart)

178

(7)

11.4 CUSUM charts (Cumulative sum charts)

185

(4)

11.5 RANGE charts (R charts)

189

(3)

11.6 Summary of control charts

192

(1)

References

192

(1)

CHAPTER 12 Product Sampling and Testing

193

(18)

12.1 Introduction

193

(2)

12.2 Principles of product sampling and testing

195

(7)

12.3 The Variables sampling and testing plan

202

(6)

12.4 The Attributes sampling and testing plan

208

(1)

12.5 Summary

209

(1)

References

209

(2)

CHAPTER 13 Temperature Calibration

211

(28)

13.1 Review of temperature-measuring instruments

211

(18)

13.2 Introduction to calibration

229

(2)

13.3 Calibration instruments and equipment

231

(3)

13.4 Calibration frequency

234

(1)

13.5 Calibration procedures

235

(2)

References

237

(2)

CHAPTER 14 Pressure Calibration

239

(30)

14.1 Review of pressure-measuring instruments

239

(13)

14.2 Introduction to calibration

252

(2)

14.3 Pressure calibration instruments

254

(5)

14.4 Calibration frequency

259

(1)

14.5 Calibration procedures

259

(1)

References

260

(1)

CHAPTER 15 Mass, Force and Torque Calibration

261

(18)

15.1 Review of mass measurement

261

(8)

15.2 Review of force measurement

269

(2)

15.3 Review of torque measurement

271

(4)

15.4 Introduction to calibration

275

(1)

15.5 Calibration instruments and equipment

276

(1)

15.6 Calibration frequency

277

(1)

References

278

(1)

CHAPTER 16 Dimension Calibration

279

(22)

16.1 Review of dimension-measuring instruments

279

(14)

16.2 'User' calibration

293

(1)

16.3 Calibration equipment

294

(4)

16.4 Calibration procedures

298

(1)

16.5 Calibration frequency

299

(1)

References

299

(2)

CHAPTER 17 Volume Flow Rate Calibration

301

(28)

17.1 Review of instruments measuring volume flow rate

301

(19)

17.2 Introduction to calibration

320

(1)

17.3 Calibration equipment and procedures for liquid flow

320

(4)

17.4 Calibration equipment and procedures for gaseous flow

324

(2)

17.5 Reference standards

326

(1)

References

326

(3)

CHAPTER 18 Calibration of Miscellaneous Parameters

329

(18)

18.1 Vibration and shock

329

(3)

18.2 Viscosity

332

(4)

18.3 Moisture

336

(7)

18.4 Volume

343

(2)

References

345

(2)

APPENDIX 1 Fundamental and Derived SI Units

347

(2)

APPENDIX 2 Imperial - Metric - SI conversion tables

349

(6)

APPENDIX 3 Dynamic Characteristics of Instruments

355

(6)

APPENDIX 4 Concepts of Probability

361

(4)

APPENDIX 5 Curve Fitting by Regression Techniques

365

(6)

APPENDIX 6 Typical Structure of a Quality Manual

371

(12)

Index

383

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Measurement and Calibration Requirements for Quality Assurance to Iso 9000

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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