Measuring Health : A Review of Quality of

Reviews of previous editions:"an excellent resource for anyone involved in health research and highly recommended" Palliative Medicine"a valuable source book for health services researchers, health care providers, and others interested in quantifying quality of life for clinical or research purposes" The International Journal for Quality in Health Care"includes accounts of a number of recently developed scales, while retaining the breadth, concision and clarity that marked the first edition" Medicine, Healthcare and PhilosophyHighly Commended: BMA Medical Book Competition 1998This thoroughly revised and updated edition offers a comprehensive guide to measures of health and is an essential reference resource for all health professionals and students. Containing details of the use of most of the major measures of health and functioning, the new edition includes: A new chapter on measuring global quality of life Updated analysis of measures of subjective well-being A revised and up-to-date selection of useful addressesMeasuring Healthis key reading for upper level undergraduates and postgraduates in health studies, health sciences, research methods and social sciences.

Anne Bowling is a social scientist and is professor of health services research in the Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences at University College, London. She is also the author of the bestseller Research Methods in Health.

PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION

ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

xi

1 CONCEPTS OF FUNCTIONING, HEALTH, WELL-BEING AND QUALITY OF LIFE

1

(9)

Measuring health outcome

1

(2)

The concept of functional ability

3

(1)

The concept of positive health

4

(1)

The concept of social health

5

(1)

The concept of subjective well-being

6

(1)

The concept of quality of life

7

(3)

2 THEORY OF MEASUREMENT

10

(9)

Choice of health indicator

10

(1)

Measurement theory

10

(1)

Measurement problems

11

(2)

Factor structure

13

(1)

Types of instruments

14

(1)

Self-report measures

15

(1)

Scaling item responses

15

(1)

Weighting scale items

16

(1)

Utility rating scales

16

(3)

3 MEASURING FUNCTIONAL ABILITY

19

(24)

The Older Americans' Resources and Services Schedule (OARS): Multi-Dimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire (OMFAQ)

21

(2)

The Stanford Arthritis Center Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ)

23

(3)

The Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS)

26

(2)

The Index of Activities of Daily Living (ADL)

28

(2)

Townsend's Disability Scale

30

(2)

The Karnofsky Performance Index (KPI)

32

(2)

The Barthel Index

34

(2)

London Handicap Scale (LHS)

36

(1)

The Quality of Well-Being Scale (QWBS)

37

(2)

The Crichton Royal Behaviour Rating Scale (CRBRS)

39

(2)

The Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly (CAPE)

41

(2)

4 MEASURING BROADER HEALTH STATUS

43

(35)

The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP)

45

(4)

The Nottingham Health Profile (NHP)

49

(4)

The McMaster Health Index Questionnaire (MHIQ)

53

(2)

The Rand Health Insurance/Medical Outcomes Study Batteries

55

(1)

Physical Health Battery

56

(1)

Mental Health Battery

57

(1)

Depression Screener

58

(1)

The Social Health Battery

59

(1)

Social Support Scale

60

(2)

General Health Perceptions Battery

62

(1)

The Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36)

63

(5)

The Short Form-12 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-12) and Health Status Questionnaire-12 (HSQ-12)

68

(1)

The Short Form-8 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-8)

69

(1)

The Dartmouth COOP Function Charts

69

(2)

The Cornell Medical Index (CMI)

71

(3)

The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)

74

(1)

The EuroQol (EQ-5D)

75

(3)

5 MEASURING PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING

78

(23)

Depression

78

(1)

Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale

79

(2)

Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)

81

(2)

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale

83

(2)

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

85

(3)

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

88

(2)

Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)

90

(4)

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

94

(1)

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)

95

(2)

The Geriatric Mental State (GMS)

97

(1)

Short Mental-Confusion Scales

98

(1)

The Mental Status Questionnaire (MSQ)

98

(1)

The Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS)

99

(2)

6 MEASURING SOCIAL NETWORKS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT

101

(24)

Social-network analysis

101

(2)

Social capital

103

(1)

Methods of measurement of social networks and social support

104

(1)

Available measures of social network and support

105

(1)

Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviours (ISSB)

106

(2)

Arizona Social Support Interview Schedule (ASSIS)

108

(1)

Perceived Social Support from Family and Friends

109

(1)

Social Support Questionnaire

110

(1)

Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI)

111

(2)

The Social Network Scale (SNS)

113

(1)

The Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS)

114

(2)

The Family Relationship Index (FRI)

116

(1)

The Social Support Appraisals Scale (SS-A) and the Social Support Behaviours Scale (SS-B)

117

(2)

Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL)

119

(1)

The Network Typology: The Network Assessment Instrument

120

(2)

Loneliness

122

(1)

The Revised University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale

122

(3)

7 MEASURING THE DIMENSIONS OF SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

125

(23)

Happiness

126

(1)

Life satisfaction

127

(1)

Morale

127

(1)

Self-esteem and self-concept

128

(1)

Sense of coherence

128

(1)

Global measures

128

(1)

The Life Satisfaction Index A (LSIA) and Index B (LSIB)

129

(2)

The Life Satisfaction Index Z 13-Item Version (LSIZ)

131

(1)

The Affect-Balance Scale (ABS)

132

(2)

The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (PGCMS)

134

(1)

Delighted-Terrible Faces (D-T) Scale

135

(2)

Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)

137

(1)

Scales of Psychological Well-Being (PWB)

138

(2)

The (Psychological) General Well-Being Schedule (GWBS)

140

(1)

Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC)

141

(2)

Scales of Self-Esteem

143

(1)

The Self-Esteem Scale

143

(1)

The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale

144

(2)

Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory

146

(2)

8 MEASURES OF BROADER QUALITY OF LIFE

148

(17)

The WHOQOL

149

(3)

LEIPAD Questionnaire

152

(2)

CASP-19

154

(1)

Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ)

155

(1)

Linear Analogue Self-Assessment (LASA)

156

(1)

Spitzer's Quality of Life Index (QL Index)

157

(3)

Individualized measures of quality of life

160

(1)

Schedule for the Evaluation of Individual Quality of Life (SEIQoL)

160

(2)

Patient Generated Index (PGI)

162

(3)

APPENDIX: A SELECTION OF SCALE DISTRIBUTORS AND USEFUL ADDRESSES

165

(3)

REFERENCES

168

(41)

INDEX

209

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Measuring Health : A Review of Quality of Life Measurement Scales

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials