Mechanical Efficiency of Heat Engines

This 2007 book presents a developed general conceptual and basic quantitative analysis as well as the theory of mechanical efficiency of heat engines that a level of ideality and generality compatible with the treatment given to thermal efficiency in classical thermodynamics. This yields broad bearing results concerning the overall cyclic conversion of heat into usable mechanical energy. The work reveals intrinsic limits on the overall performance of reciprocating heat engines. The theory describes the general effects of parameters such as compression ratio and external or buffer pressure on engine output. It also provides rational explanations of certain operational characteristics such as how engines generally behave when supercharged or pressurized. The results also identify optimum geometric configurations for engines operating in various regimes from isothermal to adiabatic and are extended to cover multi-workspace engines and heat pumps. Limited heat transfer due to finite-time effects have also been incorporated into the work.

Preface	p. xi
Energy Transfers in Cyclic Heat Engines	p. 1
Heat Engine Diagrams	p. 1
The Basic Cyclic Heat Engine	p. 4
Buffer Pressure	p. 5
Shaft Work	p. 7
Buffer Pressure and Energy Transfers	p. 9
Mechanism Effectiveness and Mechanical Efficiency	p. 12
Mechanism Effectiveness	p. 13
Mechanical Efficiency	p. 15
Forced Work	p. 17
General Efficiency Limits	p. 20
The Fundamental Efficiency Theorem	p. 20
The Stirling Comparison Theorem	p. 21
Constant Mechanism Effectiveness	p. 24
Optimum Buffer Pressure	p. 25
Optimally Buffered Stirling Engines	p. 26
The Mechanical Efficiency Limit	p. 29
The Brake Thermal Efficiency Limit	p. 31
Average Cycle and Optimum Buffer Pressure	p. 32
Compression Ratio and Shaft Work	p. 34
Limits on Compression Ratio	p. 34
Shaft Work Limits	p. 36
Temperature Effects	p. 39
Proof of the Maximum Shaft Work Theorem	p. 43
Pressurization Effects	p. 45
System Charging Monomorphic Engines	p. 45
Engines Charged Above Buffer Pressure	p. 48
The Workspace Charging Theorem	p. 50
Charge Effects in Ideal Stirling Engines	p. 53
Workspace Charging Ideal Stirling Engines	p. 54
Efficacious Cycles	p. 56
Non-Efficacious Cycles	p. 58
Practical Implications	p. 58
Crossley-Stirling Engines	p. 64
Crossley Cycles	p. 65
Crossley Cycle Analysis	p. 66
Forced Work of the Crossley Cycle	p. 67
The Swept Volume Ratio Problem	p. 71
Crossley-Stirling Optimum Compression Ratios	p. 74
Conclusions	p. 78
Generalized Engine Cycles and Variable Buffer Pressure	p. 80
Parametric Representation	p. 80
Average Cycle Pressures	p. 83
Variable Buffer Pressure	p. 83
Buffer Pressure and Energy Transfers	p. 85
Mechanical Efficiency	p. 87
Pressurization Effects	p. 89
Multi-Workspace Engines and Heat Pumps	p. 90
Multi-Cylinder Engines	p. 90
Split-Workspace Engines	p. 92
Engines with Double-Acting Pistons	p. 94
Double-Acting Split-Workspace Engines	p. 97
Heat Pumps	p. 98
Optimum Stirling Engine Geometry	p. 101
The Gamma Engine	p. 101
The Schmidt Analysis	p. 102
The Schmidt Model for Gamma Engines	p. 103
Indicated Work	p. 105
Shaft Work	p. 106
Parameter Effects on Brake Output	p. 106
Optimum Swept Volume Ratio and Phase Angle	p. 107
Swept Volume Ratio Selection	p. 108
Internal Temperatures	p. 111
Indicated Work Maxima	p. 112
Phase Angle	p. 113
Dead Space Effects	p. 114
Alternate Engine Configurations	p. 116
Conclusions	p. 116
Heat Transfer Effects	p. 117
Heat Exchange	p. 117
Heat Transfer Assumptions	p. 118
Maximum Indicated Power	p. 120
Maximum Brake Power	p. 120
Brake Thermal Efficiency at Maximum Power	p. 123
Heat Losses in Stirling Engines	p. 125
Maximum Indicated Power with Heat Leakage	p. 128
Operating Frequency and Temperature Ratio in Stirling Engines	p. 130
Maximum Brake Power of Stirling Engines with Heat Loss	p. 131
Universal Power Maxima	p. 132
Power Relative to Efficiency	p. 133
General Theory of Machines, Effectiveness, and Efficiency	p. 135
Kinematic Machines	p. 135
State Parameter	p. 136
Actuator Forces	p. 136
Force Relation	p. 137
Internal Energy	p. 138
Force Processes	p. 139
Factional Dissipation	p. 140
Graphical Representation	p. 142
Reversed Operation	p. 143
Mechanism Effectiveness	p. 145
Content of the Effectiveness Function	p. 147
Actuator Work	p. 148
Constant Internal Energy	p. 151
An Ultra Low Temperature Differential Stirling Engine	p. 153
Background	p. 153
Compression Ratio Limits	p. 156
Mean Volume Specific Work	p. 158
Engine Performance	p. 160
Derivation of Schmidt Gamma Equations	p. 163
Volume and Pressure Functions	p. 163
Indicated Work	p. 165
Forced Work	p. 165
References	p. 167
Index	p. 171
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Mechanical Efficiency of Heat Engines

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