Messages Men Hear: Constructing Masculinities

This text is based on over 10 years research with 500 men from different classes, backgrounds, races and ethnic groups. It constructs a theory of masculinity by exploring masculine expectancies, how men form their gender identities and how those identities influence their behaviour.

Acknowledgments

ix

Introduction

1

(8)

Part I Learning to be a Man

Cultural Messages

9

(12)

Dominant Cultural Norms

12

(2)

The Influence of Male Messages

14

(3)

Shifting Masculinities within a Patriarchal Social Order

17

(4)

Messages Sources

21

(16)

The Role of Fathers

22

(4)

When Fathers Aren't Around

26

(2)

The Role of Females

28

(4)

Sources for Male Messages

32

(5)

Becoming a Man

37

(18)

Influence of Messages Throughout Life

39

(2)

Growing up Male

41

(8)

Early Childhood

42

(1)

Youth

43

(1)

Early Adulthood

44

(1)

Adulthood

45

(2)

Maturity

47

(2)

Seniority

49

(1)

Influence of Male Messages over Time

49

(6)

Part II Acting Like a Man

Standard Bearers

55

(18)

Scholar

56

(4)

Nature Lover

60

(4)

Be the Best You Can

64

(4)

Good Samaritan

68

(3)

Conclusion

71

(2)

Workers

73

(17)

Technician

74

(4)

Work Ethic

78

(4)

Money

82

(3)

Law

85

(4)

Conclusion

89

(1)

Lovers

90

(19)

Breadwinner

91

(3)

Nurturer

94

(4)

Faithful Husband

98

(3)

Playboy

101

(5)

Conclusion

106

(3)

Bosses

109

(28)

Control

110

(2)

President

112

(4)

Hurdles

116

(2)

Adventurer

118

(3)

Sportsman

121

(3)

Be Like Your Father

124

(4)

Warrior

128

(6)

Conclusion

134

(3)

Rugged Individuals

137

(26)

Self Reliant

138

(5)

Stoic

143

(3)

Rebel

146

(5)

Tough Guy

151

(4)

Superman

155

(4)

Conclusion

159

(4)

Part III Differences Between Men

Different Lenses

163

(20)

Generational Differences

164

(2)

Community of Origin

166

(1)

Class Differences

167

(3)

Race and Ethnicity

170

(8)

African-American

171

(4)

Hispanic

175

(2)

Asian

177

(1)

Gay Men

178

(3)

Conclusion

181

(2)

Message Therapy

183

(15)

Gender-Role Strain

184

(6)

Contradictory Male Messages

184

(1)

Masculine Frustration

185

(1)

Male Destruction

186

(1)

Masculine Shame

187

(3)

Cracks in Patriarchy

190

(2)

The Role of Men's Groups and the Ways Men Change

192

(2)

Patterns of Masculinity

194

(4)

Appendix: Methodology

198

(8)

References

206

(5)

Index

211

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Messages Men Hear: Constructing Masculinities

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials