Microcontrollers: Fundamentals and

Microcontrollers exist in a wide variety of models with varying structures and numerous application opportunities. Despite this diversity, it is possible to find consistencies in the architecture of most microcontrollers. Microcontrollers: Fundamentals and Applications with PICfocuses on these common elements to describe the fundamentals of microcontroller design and programming. Using clear, concise language and a top-bottom approach, the book describes the parts that make up a microcontroller, how they work, and how they interact with each other. It also explains how to program medium-end PICs using assembler language.Examines analog as well as digital signalsThis volume describes the structure and resources of general microcontrollers as well as PIC microcontrollers, with a special focus on medium-end devices. The authors discuss memory organization and structure, and the assembler language used for programming medium-end PICmicrocontrollers. They also explore how microcontrollers can acquire, process, and generate digital signals, explaining available techniques to deal with parallel input or output, peripherals, resources for real-time use, interrupts, and the specific characteristics of serial data interfaces in PIC microcontrollers. Finally, the book describes the acquisition and generation of analog signals either using resources inside the chip or by connecting peripheral circuits.Provides hands-on clarificationUsing practical examples and applications to supplement each topic, this volume provides the tools to thoroughly grasp the architecture and programming of microcontrollers. It avoids overly specific details so readers are quickly led toward design implementation. After mastering the material in this text, they will understand how to efficiently use PIC microcontrollers in a design process.

Preface	p. xi
The Authors	p. xiii
Introduction to Microcontrollers	p. 1
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers: Characterization	p. 1
Components of a Microcontroller	p. 3
The Watchdog	p. 5
Reset Signal	p. 6
Low Consumption	p. 7
Protection against Copying	p. 8
Von Neumann and Harvard Architectures	p. 9
CISC and RISC Architectures	p. 11
Manufacturers of Microcontrollers and Microprocessors	p. 12
PIC Microcontrollers	p. 15
Main Characteristics of PIC Microcontrollers	p. 15
The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and the Working Register in PIC Microcontrollers	p. 16
Machine Cycles and Execution of Instructions	p. 17
Pipelining for Instruction Execution	p. 18
Oscillators	p. 19
Configuration Bits	p. 21
Reset Options	p. 22
Low-Power Consumption Mode	p. 27
Watchdog Timer	p. 27
PIC Microcontroller Families	p. 28
Low-End Microcontrollers	p. 29
Medium-End Microcontrollers	p. 30
High-End Microcontrollers	p. 32
Memory in Microcontrollers	p. 39
Basic Concepts	p. 39
Logic Organization of Memory	p. 41
Types of Memory	p. 43
Memory in Medium-End PIC Microcontrollers	p. 44
Program Memory	p. 44
Addressing Program Memory	p. 45
Reading and Writing the Program Memory	p. 47
RAM Data Memory	p. 51
Addressing Data Memory	p. 51
Special Function Registers (SFRs)	p. 54
EEPROM Data Memory	p. 58
Instruction Set and Assembler Language Programming	p. 61
Basic Concepts	p. 61
Machine Code and Assembler Language	p. 61
Structure of Instructions	p. 64
Data Addressing Modes	p. 65
The Stack	p. 67
Instruction Set in Medium-End PIC Microcontrollers	p. 69
Data Transfer Instructions	p. 71
Arithmetic and Logic Instructions	p. 72
Control Transfer Instructions	p. 74
Unconditional Branches, Subroutine Calls, and Returns	p. 74
Conditional Branches	p. 78
Bit Manipulation Instructions	p. 81
Other Instructions	p. 81
Assembler Language Elements (for MPASM Assembler from Microchip)	p. 82
Introduction	p. 82
Expressions, Operations, and Operators	p. 87
Arithmetic Operators	p. 87
Logic and Boolean Operators	p. 89
Logic Operators Using Direct Bit Manipulation	p. 90
Assign Operators	p. 90
Addressing Operators	p. 92
Directives	p. 93
General Use Directives	p. 94
Directives for Relocatable Code	p. 98
Macroinstructions	p. 103
Organization of a Program in Assembler Language	p. 105
Available Resources for Programming PIC Microcontrollers in Assembler Language	p. 110
The MPASM Assembler	p. 111
Absolute Code Generation	p. 112
Relocatable Code Generation	p. 112
Files Used and Generated during the Assembling Process	p. 112
The Linker MPLINK	p. 115
Library Manager MPLIB	p. 117
Parallel Input and Output	p. 121
Basic Concepts	p. 121
Data Transfer Techniques	p. 122
Input/Output Techniques	p. 124
Parallel Ports in Medium-End PIC Microcontrollers	p. 126
Port A	p. 129
Port B	p. 130
Port C	p. 131
Ports D, E, F, and G	p. 131
Parallel Slave Port (PSP)	p. 132
Connection of Commonly Used Peripherals	p. 134
Switches and LEDs	p. 134
Matrix Keypads	p. 138
Seven-Segment LEDs	p. 145
Alphanumeric Liquid-Crystal Displays	p. 148
Timers	p. 157
Timers in PIC Microcontrollers	p. 157
Timer0 Module	p. 157
Timer1 Module	p. 162
Timer2 Module	p. 166
The CCP Module	p. 168
Capture Mode	p. 169
Compare Mode	p. 174
PWM Mode	p. 176
Interrupts	p. 183
Basic Concepts	p. 183
Interrupt Requests and Associated Resources	p. 183
Servicing Interrupt Requests	p. 185
Fixed and Vectored Interrupts	p. 187
Interrupts in PIC Microcontrollers	p. 189
Interrupt Sources and Associated Registers	p. 189
Interrupt Service Subroutine Structure	p. 194
Examples of Interrupt Applications	p. 198
Real-Time Clock	p. 198
Synchronization of Events to Real-Time Clock	p. 202
Protection against Hardware Malfunctions	p. 205
Serial Input and Output	p. 207
Basic Concepts	p. 207
Introduction to Serial Data Transmission	p. 207
Asynchronous Communication	p. 209
Synchronous Communication	p. 209
Connection between Equipment RS-232C Interface	p. 210
The I²C Bus	p. 212
The USART Serial Port in PIC Microcontrollers	p. 216
General Description	p. 217
Asynchronous Mode	p. 217
Synchronous Mode	p. 220
Communication Speed	p. 221
The Synchronous Serial Port in PIC Microcontrollers	p. 223
SPI	p. 223
I²C Interface	p. 228
Analog Input and Output: Signal Acquisition and Distribution	p. 233
Structure of a System for Signal Acquisition and Distribution	p. 233
Basic Functions of Measurement and Control Systems	p. 233
Dynamic Range	p. 236
Bandwidth	p. 238
Signal Sampling	p. 239
Architectures for Signal Acquisition: High-Level and Low-Level Mutiplexing	p. 240
The Front-End in Data Acquisition Systems	p. 242
Attenuators	p. 243
Amplifiers	p. 247
Input Protections and Filters	p. 251
Analog Multiplexers	p. 253
Anti-Alias Filters	p. 255
Sample-and-Hold Amplifier	p. 257
A/D Converters	p. 259
The 10-Bit A/D Converter Module in PIC Microcontrollers	p. 262
Architecture of the Conversion Module	p. 262
A/D Conversion Timing	p. 266
A/D Conversion Module Programming	p. 269
Calibration	p. 271
Direct Sensor-Microcontroller Interface	p. 273
Analog Back-End	p. 276
D/A Converters	p. 276
Analog Demultiplexing	p. 277
Extrapolation Methods	p. 277
PWM Outputs	p. 278
Output Protections	p. 280
Appendix: Acronyms	p. 283
Bibliography	p. 285
Index	p. 287
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Microcontrollers: Fundamentals and Applications with PIC

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