The Middle East

The Middle East is a balanced, informative, and politically neutral guide that helps readers understand the complex and controversial issues that influence the volatile Middle East. Neither overly scholarly nor espousing a particular point of view, this book is an even-handed treatment that provides an excellent grounding in the region.

The Ninth Edition of The Middle East starts with an examination of the current political conditions that ebb and flow through the entire region. What are the prospects for an independent Palestine? How will the changing party control in Israel alter the political landscape of the region? What have been the major U.S. policy objectives in the region under President Clinton?

Extensively reviewed and updated by Middle East scholars and experts, all chapters have been thoroughly reviewed and updated for this edition, and the chapters on the Arab-Israeli conflict and U.S. policy have been extensively revised to reflect new developments since the volume was last published in 1994. Includes in-depth profiles of 12 Middle East natio

Maps, Boxes, and Tables

vii

Contributors

viii

I OVERVIEW OF THE MIDDLE EAST

1

(216)

Introduction

3

(8)

Historically Important

3

(1)

Arab-Israeli Conflict

4

(4)

The Persian Gulf

8

(1)

End of the Century

9

(2)

Arab-Israeli Conflict

11

(66)

Origins of the Conflict

12

(5)

The British Mandate

17

(8)

Partition of Palestine

25

(4)

Early Arab-Israeli Relations

29

(3)

The 1956 Suez Crisis

32

(1)

Arab Rivalries

32

(2)

The June 1967 War

34

(6)

The October 1973 War

40

(5)

Role of the PLO

45

(4)

Camp David Agreements

49

(4)

The Israeli Invasions of Lebanon

53

(3)

Diplomacy, 1982--1987

56

(3)

The Intifada

59

(8)

U.S.-PLO Dialogue

67

(1)

Toward a Peace Agreement

68

(4)

Post-Oslo

72

(5)

U.S. Policy in the Middle East

77

(48)

U.S. Foreign Policy Formation

77

(1)

The Executive Branch

78

(3)

Congress

81

(1)

The Public and Foreign Policy

82

(1)

U.S. Middle East Policy

83

(35)

The Clinton Administration

118

(4)

U.S. Goals in the Middle East

122

(3)

The Persian Gulf

125

(30)

The Iran-Iraq Rivalry

126

(3)

The Iran-Iraq War

129

(2)

The Persian Gulf Crisis

131

(8)

Persian Gulf War

139

(3)

Containing Iraq

142

(8)

Iran in Transition

150

(2)

Gulf Cooperation Council

152

(3)

Mideast Oil

155

(40)

Vast Reserves, Low Cost

156

(3)

Recycling Oil Dollars

159

(1)

Early Oil Cartels, OPEC

160

(3)

OPEC's Market Domination

163

(9)

The 1986 Crash

172

(7)

Persian Gulf War

179

(4)

Return to Oversupply

183

(5)

1996--1999: Low Prices and Cartel Problems Continue

188

(4)

A Cloudy Future

192

(3)

Fourteen Centuries of Islam

195

(22)

Islam Divided

195

(1)

Islam as Unifier

195

(1)

Western Hostility

196

(1)

The Historical and Cultural Setting

197

(6)

The Doctrine of Islamic Faith

203

(6)

Islam Today: A New Assertiveness

209

(8)

II COUNTRY PROFILES

217

(186)

Egypt

219

(18)

Iran

237

(16)

Iraq

253

(12)

Israel

265

(20)

Jordan

285

(14)

Kuwait

299

(10)

Lebanon

309

(22)

Libya

331

(12)

Persian Gulf States

343

(16)

Saudi Arabia

359

(18)

Syria

377

(16)

Yemen

393

(10)

APPENDIX

403

(172)

Sketches of Middle East Leaders

405

(12)

Chronology of Major Events, 1900--1944

417

(4)

Chronology of Events, 1945--1999

421

(92)

Documents

513

(62)

UN Security Council Resolution 242 (November 22, 1967)

513

(1)

UN Security Council Resolution 338 (October 22, 1973)

513

(1)

Resolution of Arab Heads of State (October 28, 1974)

514

(1)

A Framework for Peace in the Middle East (September 17, 1978)

514

(2)

Framework for an Egyptian-Israeli Treaty (September 17, 1978)

516

(1)

Egyptian-Israeli Treaty of Peace (March 26, 1979)

517

(2)

UN Security Council Resolution 598 (July 20, 1987)

519

(1)

Arab League Summit Communique (November 11, 1987)

520

(2)

Iran's Acceptance of Resolution 598 (July 18, 1988)

522

(1)

King Hussein's Renunciation of Claim to West Bank (July 31, 1988)

522

(2)

Arafat Statement on Israel, Terrorism (December 14, 1988)

524

(1)

Bush Announcement of Troop Deployments (August 8, 1990)

524

(2)

UN Security Council Resolution 678 (November 29, 1990)

526

(1)

Baker and Aziz Geneva Statements (January 9, 1991)

526

(2)

Congress Authorizes Use of Force (January 12, 1991)

528

(1)

Bush Announces War on Iraq (January 16, 1991)

529

(2)

Saddam Hussein Announces Withdrawal (February 26, 1991)

531

(2)

Bush Announcement of Cease-Fire (February 27, 1991)

533

(1)

Israel-PLO Recognition---Letters (September 9, 1993)

534

(1)

Letter from Yasir Arafat to Prime Minister Rabin

534

(1)

Letter from Yasir Arafat to Norwegian foreign minister

534

(1)

Letter from Prime Minister Rabin to Yasir Arafat

535

(1)

Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles (September 13, 1993)

535

(5)

Agreement on Gaza Strip and Jericho Area (May 4, 1994)

540

(6)

Israeli-Jordanian Washington Declaration (July 25, 1994)

546

(2)

Jordanian-Israeli Treaty of Peace (October 26, 1994)

548

(7)

UN Oil for Food and Medicine Program

555

(1)

Resolution 986 (April 14, 1995)

555

(2)

Resolution 1153 (February 20, 1998)

557

(2)

Resolution 1210 (November 24, 1998)

559

(1)

UN Weapons Inspections in Iraq

560

(1)

Resolution 1051 (March 27, 1996)

560

(1)

Resolution 1137 (November 12, 1997)

561

(2)

Resolution 1194 (September 9, 1998)

563

(1)

Resolution 1205 (November 5, 1998)

564

(1)

Protocol Concerning Redeployment in Hebron (January 17, 1997)

565

(3)

Wye River Memorandum (October 23, 1998)

568

(4)

The Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum (September 4, 1999)

572

(3)

Bibliography

575

(6)

Index

581

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