Migration Accomodation and Language Change Language at the Intersection of Regional and Ethnic Identity

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ISBN: 9780230008861 | 0230008860
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/15/2008

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Migration, Accommodation, and Language Change: Language and the Intersection of Regional and Ethnic Identity marries qualitative ethnographic methods to quantitative acoustic methods. The analysis describes the differences between internal and external factors in phonological change and demonstrates how these two forces interact in structuring the phonological systems of Appalachian and African American Southern Migrant speakers in the Detroit, Michigan area.

List of Figures	p. xii
List of Tables	p. xiv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Empirical and Theoretical Background	p. 4
American English vowel shifts in progress	p. 5
The Northern Cities Chain Shift	p. 5
The Southern Shift	p. 6
African American vowel systems	p. 7
/ai/	p. 9
The high and lower-high back vowels /u/ and /[characters not reproducible]/	p. 11
Models of change	p. 13
Internal and external factors in language change	p. 13
Language ideology: An overview	p. 14
Dialect contact	p. 16
The Sociolinguistic and Demographic Context for the Study	p. 18
Research site and demography of the area	p. 18
History of migration to southeastern Michigan	p. 21
Appalachian White migration to Detroit	p. 21
African American migration to Detroit	p. 24
Appalachian Whites and African American Southern migrants in the Detroit area	p. 26
Appalachian English	p. 28
In the Southern Highlands	p. 28
In Southeastern Michigan	p. 31
African American English	p. 31
In the South	p. 31
In Southeastern Michigan	p. 32
Midwestern urban Whites	p. 33
The Pilot Study	p. 35
/ai/	p. 35
Participants and methods of analysis for the pilot study	p. 35
The patterning of /ai/	p. 36
Acoustic analysis of /[epsilon]/ and /ae/ for five Appalachian White women, five African American women, and five Northern White women	p. 39
Field Techniques and Acoustic Methods	p. 47
Study design	p. 47
Speaker selection	p. 47
Participant observation and ethnography	p. 49
Data analysis	p. 50
Individual first versus community first	p. 51
Field methodology	p. 53
Participants	p. 53
Fieldwork and data collection	p. 55
Recording procedures	p. 57
Acoustic analysis	p. 57
Temporal locations and measures	p. 58
Spectral measures	p. 58
Spectral comparisons	p. 59
The High and Lower-High Back Vowels	p. 65
Analysis of /u/[tilde]/i/ and /[characters not reproducible]/[tilde]/I/ distances at midpoint and offset	p. 66
Methods for the statistical analysis	p. 66
Descriptive overview of fronting patterns	p. 67
African American, Appalachian, and Midwestern White groups	p. 68
African American and Appalachian speakers	p. 69
Statistical analysis of F[subscript 2] distances	p. 75
Summary and significance of the F[subscript 2] distance results	p. 79
Context effects of consonants on preceding vowels	p. 80
Effects of following alveolar consonantal context on vowel spectra	p. 81
Effects of following labial consonantal context on vowel spectra	p. 83
Word-final context	p. 84
Effects of following velar consonantal context on vowel spectra	p. 84
Summary	p. 85
Rounding and backing	p. 86
Nguyen's (2006) real-time analysis of /[characters not reproducible]/ by social status for Detroit African Americans and Nguyen and Anderson's (2006) comparisons of /[characters not reproducible]/ fronting among African American and Midwestern Whites in the Detroit area	p. 87
Nguyen and Anderson's (2006) comparisons of /u/ fronting among African American and Midwestern Whites in the Detroit area	p. 94
Conclusion	p. 99
The Patterning of /ai/	p. 102
Comparison by ethnicity, vowel, and context	p. 105
Speaker-by-speaker analysis	p. 110
Data overview	p. 110
Statistical analysis	p. 111
Main effects	p. 111
Interactions of vowel and context	p. 116
Comparison with a Midwestern White speaker	p. 122
Summary of speaker-by-speaker analysis	p. 127
The patterning of /ai/ in Detroit African American English reported by Nguyen (2006)	p. 127
Conclusion	p. 128
The Local and Supralocal Contexts for the Patterns of Usage	p. 129
Participant comments on Detroit and its relationship to the suburbs	p. 129
Residential segregation	p. 130
"White Flight" out of Detroit	p. 132
Suburbs	p. 134
Poverty, scarcity of jobs, and crime in Detroit	p. 138
Riots	p. 140
Coleman Young, first African American Mayor of Detroit	p. 142
Participant comments on migration, the South, and Southern cultural practices	p. 144
Reverse migration and purchasing property in the South	p. 145
Ties to the South: Trips and relatives	p. 149
Southern cultural practices in Detroit	p. 151
Relationship between Southern Whites and Southern African Americans	p. 156
Identification as "Southern" and "Hillbilly" and differentiation between Southern migrants and Midwestern Whites	p. 159
Metapragmatic commentary on language	p. 162
Interpretation of the results for the patterns of use presented in Chapters 6 and 7	p. 164
/u/ and /[characters not reproducible]/	p. 166
Comparison of groups for fronting	p. 167
The (non)role of language ideology in the patterning of the high and lower-high back vowels	p. 169
/ai/	p. 171
Summary of major patterns for /ai/	p. 172
/ai/ Glide-weakening and dialect leveling	p. 174
Conclusions and Implications	p. 179
General commentary	p. 179
Limitations and contributions of the study and implications for sociolinguistic research	p. 181
Bibliography	p. 184
Index	p. 193
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Migration Accomodation and Language Change Language at the Intersection of Regional and Ethnic Identity

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