The Migration and Settlement of Refugees in

The increase in the number of asylum seekers arriving in Europe has placed the issue of migration high on the policy agendas of national governments and the European Union. This book analyzes the impact of policy on the social and economic settlement of refugees in Britain in that context. The issues explored include: current UK and EU migration policy; the history of migration to Britain and policy responses; theories of migration and migrant settlement; social and economic settlement of refugees in Britain - including language, employment, social networks, the migratory process, community, development and policy recommendations.

Alice Bloch is Lecturer of Social Policy, Department of Social Policy and Politics, Goldsmiths College, University of London.

List of Tables

ix

List of Figures

xii

Acknowledgements

xiii

Introduction

1

(20)

Theoretical and thematic concerns

1

(5)

The categorization of forced migrants

6

(6)

Refugees

8

(1)

Asylum seekers

9

(1)

Exceptional Leave to Remain

10

(1)

Temporary protection

11

(1)

The case study and the research basis

12

(7)

The London Borough of Newham

13

(1)

Newham's ethnic minority communities: demography and geography

14

(1)

The case study groups

15

(4)

Content of the book

19

(2)

Migration to Britain and Policy Responses

21

(22)

Early migrants

21

(1)

Migration: 1800 until 1914

22

(4)

Migration: 1914 until 1945

26

(3)

Migration: 1945 until 1961

29

(4)

Eastern European displaced persons and European Volunteer Workers

29

(2)

Migration from Commonwealth countries

31

(2)

Controlling migration: 1962 until 1988

33

(5)

Demography and geography of ethnic groups at the end of the twentieth century

38

(1)

Race relations

39

(2)

Summary

41

(2)

Current UK and European Policy

43

(21)

Refugee migration at the end of the twentieth century

43

(1)

Policy responses to refugees at the end of the twentieth century

44

(3)

Detention

47

(1)

Immigration legislation in the 1990s

47

(7)

Asylum and Immigration Appeals Act, 1993

47

(1)

Asylum and Immigration Act, 1996

48

(2)

Immigration and Asylum Act, 1999

50

(1)

The policy of dispersal

51

(3)

The EU context

54

(8)

Harmonization of asylum policy

56

(3)

Provisions for asylum seekers in European countries

59

(3)

Summary

62

(2)

Theories of Refugee Migration and Migration to Britain

64

(16)

Theories of migration

65

(5)

Neo-classical economic equilibrium perspective

65

(1)

Historical-structuralist approach

66

(2)

Migration systems approach

68

(2)

Refugees: a unique type of migrant

70

(4)

Trafficking and smuggling

73

(1)

Refugee migration to Britain

74

(5)

Seeking asylum in Britain

74

(1)

Reasons for coming to Britain

75

(1)

Preferred asylum destination

76

(3)

Summary

79

(1)

Theories of Migrant Settlement

80

(19)

Theories of migrant settlement

80

(2)

Policies of receiving countries

82

(2)

Citizenship

84

(4)

Social networks

88

(3)

Economic integration

91

(4)

Migration, aspirations and settlement: the links

95

(2)

Summary

97

(2)

Language, Education and Training

99

(21)

The Urban Programme

100

(1)

Newham: the economic context

101

(1)

Language and literacy skills

102

(1)

Language and literacy skills in the first language

102

(1)

English language and literacy skills on arrival to Britain

103

(1)

English language skills and language learning

104

(7)

Learning English as a second language: provision

104

(1)

Attendance at English language courses

105

(2)

Finding out about ESOL and getting on a course

107

(1)

Views about English language courses

108

(3)

Education and qualifications

111

(4)

Education and qualifications on arrival to Britain

111

(1)

Study in Britain

112

(3)

Training

115

(3)

Summary

118

(2)

Labour Market Participation in Britain

120

(22)

Ethnic minority employment

120

(4)

Refugee employment

124

(5)

Employment before coming to Britain

124

(1)

Employment in Britain

125

(2)

Working hours and pay

127

(2)

Barriers to employment

129

(1)

Past employment in Britain

130

(2)

Labour market aspirations

132

(1)

Unused skills and barriers to employment among those seeking work

133

(1)

Methods of job seeking

133

(5)

Sources of information and advice about job seeking

135

(3)

Areas where training was wanted

138

(2)

Summary

140

(2)

The Social Settlement of Refugees

142

(19)

Perceptions of Britain as home

142

(5)

Aspirations for return migration

145

(2)

Living in Britain: areas of residence, housing and households

147

(8)

Areas of residence

147

(5)

Housing tenure

152

(1)

Household composition

153

(1)

Language spoken at home

154

(1)

Life in Newham: social interaction

155

(4)

Meeting people and making friends

157

(2)

Summary

159

(2)

Refugee Community Organizations and Volunteering

161

(16)

The role of refugee community organizations

161

(1)

Refugee community organizations in Newham

162

(1)

Using refugee community organizations

163

(5)

Information and advice

164

(2)

Community organizations and the statutory sector

166

(2)

Participation in community activities

168

(4)

Differences in community association

169

(3)

Voluntary activity

172

(3)

Volunteering

172

(1)

Type of voluntary work

173

(2)

Summary

175

(2)

Conclusion

177

(25)

Key findings: economic settlement

178

(3)

Language, training, education and employment

178

(2)

Skills base

180

(1)

Key findings: social settlement

181

(6)

Refugee migration

181

(2)

Structural barriers in the country of asylum

183

(1)

Factors affecting settlement

184

(3)

Factors that affect settlement: the views of refugees

187

(7)

Factors that affect settlement

187

(4)

Ways of improving life in Britain for refugees

191

(3)

Policy recommendations and the 1999 Act

194

(5)

Structural barriers to settlement

194

(2)

Social settlement: community and dispersal

196

(1)

Economic settlement: language, education, training and employment

197

(2)

The implication of European harmonization

199

(2)

Summary

201

(1)

Appendix: Methodology

202

(3)

Bibliography

205

(13)

Index

218

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The Migration and Settlement of Refugees in Britain

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials