A Miocene (10-12 Ma) Evergreen Laurel-Oak

This is a study of the Miocene Carmel flora of California, an evergreen laurel-oak forest that grew in a mild temperate (mean annual temperature of 15 degrees C), frost-free climate, with annual precipitation of about 760 mm (30 in.). Collectively, the Carmel and other Miocene floras like the San Pablo and Temblor (broad-leafed deciduous trees, with few evergreen species), the Puente (evergreen oak forest with chaparral species), the Mint Canyon, Ricardo, and Tehachapi (numerous arid subtropical scrub associated with oak woodland and chaparral species) suggest they foreshadowed a similar distribution of the different California vegetation zones today.

List of Figures, Tables, and Plates

vii

Acknowledgments

ix

Abstract

xi

Introduction

1

(1)

Geologic Occurrence and Age

2

(4)

Composition of the Flora

6

(2)

Physical Conditions Suggested by the Flora

8

(5)

Vegetation

8

(2)

Paleoclimate

10

(3)

Fog

10

(1)

Precipitation

10

(1)

Temperature

11

(2)

Regional Distribution of Miocene Vegetation

13

(5)

Mega-and Microfossil Floras

13

(5)

California

13

(3)

Nevada and Oregon

16

(1)

Atlantic Coast

16

(2)

Summary

18

(2)

Systematic Descriptions

20

(9)

Literature Cited

29

(6)

Plates

35

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A Miocene (10-12 Ma) Evergreen Laurel-Oak Forest from Carmel Valley, California

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials