Mobile Backhaul

Esa Metsälä, Senior Specialist, Transport, Technology and Architecture,Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland
Esa Metsälä has held positions in Nokia and Nokia Siemens Networks in R&D, System and Business mgmt, Product Mgmt, Solution management since 1990. Esa is currently leader of Radio Network system specification team for transport, and also leads a feature screening team in Radio Network Transport product management. Esa has worked in teams responsible for mobile backhaul system level specifications for 3G/HSPA for over 10 yrs. Working in product mgmt, with a team, Esa has also been responsible for Nokia Radio Networks 3G transport solution and roadmap responsibility during System and Bus management era. Overall Esa has over 20 yrs of experience in the field. Esa has also given two conference presentations for HSPA.

Juha Salmelin, Manager, Mobile Backhaul Research, Nokia Siemens Networks, Finalnd
Juha has held positions in R&D at Nokia and Nokia Siemens Networks since 1988. Beginning from Asic designer of Microwave radios, Juha's positions have continued managing many different projects in transport product R&D. Team leader, department manager and Head of Technology roles in mobile backhaul products R&D including mobile backhaul e2e-solutions. Currently managing mobile backhaul in NSN Research, some key contributions include: Wireless and Wireline Backhaul Research, Micro Wave Radios, Mobile WiMAX, Femto Home Base stations for 3G, Mobile Backhaul Vision and internal White Papers, Backhaul technology roadmapping.

Foreword xv

Acknowledgements xvii

List of Abbreviations xix

List of Contributors xxxi

1 Introduction 1
Esa Metsala, Juha Salmelin and Erik Salo

1.1 Why Read This Book 1

1.2 What is 'Mobile Backhaul' 2

1.3 Targets and Scope of the Book 3

1.4 Organization of the Book 3

PART I MOBILE AND PACKET NETWORKS

2 Mobile Backhaul and the New Packet Era 7
Erik Salo and Juha Salmelin

2.1 Backhaul Network, Tiers and Costs 7

2.2 Legacy Backhaul Networks 9

2.3 Drivers for the MBH Network Change 10

2.4 Packet Based Backhaul Networks 21

2.5 Making Transition to Packet Technology Networks 22

3 3GPP Mobile Systems 29
Esa Metsala

3.1 3GPP 29

3.2 2G 33

3.3 3G 38

3.4 LTE 54

3.5 Summary 64

4 Packet Networks 68
Esa Metsala

4.1 Mobile Backhaul Application 68

4.2 Standardization 73

4.3 Physical Interfaces 76

4.4 PPP and ML-PPP 80

4.5 Ethernet and Carrier Ethernet 83

4.6 IP and Transport Layer Protocols 92

4.7 MPLS/IP Applications 109

4.8 Summary 123

5 Backhaul Transport Technologies 128
Jouko Kapanen, Jyri Putkonen and Juha Salmelin

5.1 Transport Systems 128

5.2 Wireless Backhaul Technology 138

5.3 Wire-Line Backhaul Technology 148

5.4 Aggregation and Backbone Tiers 155

5.5 Leased Line Services for Mobile Backhaul 156

5.6 Summary 163

PART II MOBILE BACKHAUL FUNCTIONALITY

6 Synchronization 167
Antti Pietilainen and Juha Salmelin

6.1 Cellular Networks Synchronization Requirements 167

6.2 Frequency Synchronization in TDM Networks 169

6.3 Frequency Synchronization in Packet Networks 172

6.4 Synchronization Metrics for TDM and Synchronous Ethernet 182

6.5 Packet Synchronization Fundamentals and Metrics 187

6.6 Rules of Thumb for Packet Timing Network Implementation 199

6.7 Time Synchronization 201

6.8 Conclusions 202

7 Resilience 204
Esa Metsala

7.1 Introduction 204

7.2 Native Ethernet and Resilience 210

7.3 Carrier Grade Ethernet 214

7.4 IP Layer 216

7.5 MPLS Resilience 224

7.6 Resilience in the BTS Access 231

7.7 Resilience in the Controllers and the Core Interface 244

7.8 Summary 247

8 QoS 250
Thomas Deiß, Jouko Kapanen, Esa Metsala and Csaba Vulkan

8.1 End User Service, Radio Network Layers and the Transport Layer Service 250

8.2 TCP and UDP as End User Transport Layer Protocols 255

8.3 DSCP, Traffic Class, and Priority Bits 263

8.4 Ingress and Egress Functions 275

8.5 2G 281

8.6 3G/HSPA 282

8.7 LTE 293

8.8 Summary 300

9 Security 303
Esa Metsala and Jose Manuel Tapia Perez

9.1 Security in 3GPP Mobile Networks 303

9.2 Protection of the Backhaul 313

9.3 IP Layer Protection 316

9.4 IP Sec VPN Deployment 331

9.5 Summary 344

10 Packet Backhaul Solutions 346
Erik Salo and Juha Salmelin

10.1 Creating a Packet Based MBH Solution 346

10.2 MBH Solution Starting Points 347

10.3 MBH Optimization Considerations 349

10.4 MBH Solution Alternatives 352

10.5 Outsourcing the MBH Network or Parts of it 360

10.6 Selecting MBH Access Solution for a Particular Case 363

10.7 From the Selected MBH Solution to Detailed Network Plans 368

10.8 Summary 369

11 Summary 370
Esa Metsala and Juha Salmelin

Index 373

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