Modern Classical Optics

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ISBN: 9780198599654 | 019859965X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/9/2003

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Praised as 'one of the best new optics books seen for some time', this book will provide a unique presentation of classical optics from the modern perspective. Written for advanced undergraduate students, the text stands out by its readability and stimulating discussions, close ties to experimental physics, and excellent choice of worked problem sets.

1 Electromagnetism and basic optics

(20)

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 The Maxwell equations

(1)

1.3 Linear isotropic media

(1)

1.4 Plane electromagnetic waves

(1)

1.5 Energy flow

(1)

1.6 Scalar wave amplitudes

(1)

1.7 dispersive media

(1)

1.8 Electrical transmission lines

(2)

1.9 Elementary (ray) optics

(4)

1.9.1 The thin lens

(2)

1.9.2 Sign conventions

(1)

1.9.3 Refraction at a spherical surface

(2)

1.9.4 The thick lens

(1)

1.10 Rays and waves

(1)

Problems

(8)

2 Fourier series and Fourier transforms

(23)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Fourier series: spectrum of a periodic waveform

(1)

2.3 Fourier series: a mathematical reshape

(1)

2.4 The Fourier transform: spectrum of a non-periodic waveform

(2)

2.5 The analytic signal

2.6 The Dirac δ-function

(1)

2.7 Frequency and angular frequency

(7)

2.8 The power spectrum

(1)

2.9 Examples of Fourier transforms

(4)

2.9.1 A single rectangular pulse

(2)

2.9.2 The double pulse

(1)

2.9.3 A δ-function pulse

(1)

2.9.4 A regular array of δ-functions

(1)

2.9.5 A random array of δ-functions

(1)

2.9.6 An infinite sinewave

(1)

2.10 Convolution and the convolution theorem

(1)

2.11 Examples of convolution

(1)

2.12 Sign choices with Fourier transforms

(1)

Problems

(11)

3 Diffraction

(42)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Monochromatic spherical wave

(1)

3.3 The Kirchhoff diffraction integral

(1)

3.4 The Kirchhoff boundary conditions

(2)

3.5 Simplifying the Kirchhoff integral

(2)

3.6 Complementary screens: the Babinet principle

(3)

3.7 The Fraunhofer condition I: provisional

(1)

3.8 Fraunhofer diffraction in 'one dimension'

(2)

3.9 Fraunhofer diffraction in 'two dimensions'

(2)

3.10 Two ways of looking at diffraction

(2)

3.11 Examples of Fraunhofer diffraction

(4)

3.12 Fraunhofer diffraction and Fourier transforms

(1)

3.13 The Fraunhofer condition II: Rayleigh distance and Fresnel number

(2)

3.14 The Fraunhofer condition III: object and image

(2)

3.15 The Fresnel case of diffraction

(2)

3.16 Fraunhofer diffraction and optical resolution

(1)

3.17 Surfaces whose fields are related by a Fourier transform

(1)

3.18 Kirchhoff boundary conditions: a harder look

(2)

Problems

(14)

4 Diffraction gratings

(23)

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 A basic transmission grating

(1)

4.3 The multiple-element patter

(2)

4.4 Reflection grating

(1)

4.5 Blazing

(1)

4.6 Grating spectrometric instruments

(2)

4.7 Spectroscopic resolution

(2)

4.8 Making gratings

(1)

4.9 Tricks of the trade

(4)

4.9.1 Normal spectrum

(1)

4.9.2 Correct illumination

(1)

4.9.3 Blortening exposure times with a spectrograph

(1)

4.9.4 Vacuum instrument

(1)

4.9.5 Double monochromator

(1)

4.9.6 An inventor's paradise

(1)

4.10 Beyond the simple theory

(1)

Problems

100

(9)

5 The Fabry-Perot

109

(23)

5.1 Introduction

109

(1)

5.2 Elementary theory

109

(2)

5.3 Basic apparatus

111

(1)

5.4 The meaning of finesse

112

(1)

5.5 Free spectral range and resolution

113

(2)

5.5.1 Free spectral range

113

(1)

5.5.2 Resolution

114

(1)

5.6 Analysis of an étalon fringe pattern

115

(2)

5.7 Flatness and parallelism of Fabry-Perot plates

117

(1)

5.8 Designing a Fabry-Perot to do a job

118

(2)

5.9 Practicalities of spectroscopy using a Fabry-Perot

120

(2)

5.10 The Fabry-Perot as a source of ideas

122

(1)

Problems

122

(10)

6 Thin films

132

(18)

6.1 Introduction

132

(1)

6.2 Basic calculation for one layer

132

(2)

6.3 Matrix elimination of 'middle' amplitudes

134

(1)

6.4 Reflected and transmitted waves

135

(1)

6.5 Impedance concepts

135

(2)

6.6 High-reflectivity mirrors

137

(2)

6.7 Anti-reflection coatings

139

(1)

6.8 Interference filters

140

(1)

6.9 Practicalities of thin-film deposition

141

(3)

Problems

144

(6)

7 Ray matrices and Gaussian beams

150

(20)

7.1 Introduction

150

(1)

7.2 Matrix methods in ray optics

150

(1)

7.3 Matrices for translation and refraction

151

(1)

7.4 Reflections

152

(1)

7.5 Spherical waves

153

(1)

7.6 Gaussian beams

154

(1)

7.7 Properties of a Gaussian beam

155

(1)

7.8 Sign conventions

156

(1)

7.9 Propagation of a Gaussian beam

156

(3)

7.10 Electric and magnetic fields

159

(1)

Problems

160

(10)

8 Optical cavities

170

(24)

8.1 Introduction

170

(1)

8.2 Gauss-Hermite beams

170

(1)

8.3 Cavity resonator

171

(1)

8.4 Cavity modes

172

(2)

8.5 The condition for a low-loss mode

174

(3)

8.6 Finding the mode shape for a cavity

177

(1)

8.7 Longitudinal modes

178

(1)

8.8 High-loss cavities

178

(2)

8.9 The symmetrical confocal cavity

180

(1)

8.10 The confocal Fabry-Perot

181

(1)

8.11 Choice of cavity geometry for a laser

182

(1)

8.12 Selection of a desired transverse mode

182

(1)

8.13 Mode matching

183

(1)

Problems

183

(11)

9 Coherence: qualitative

194

(25)

9.1 Introduction

194

(1)

9.2 Terminology

194

(2)

9.3 Young fringes: tolerance to frequency range

196

(1)

9.4 Young fringes: tolerance to collimation

196

(2)

9.5 Coherence area

198

(1)

9.6 The Michelson stellar interferometer

199

(1)

9.7 Aperture synthesis

200

(1)

9.8 Longitudinal and transverse coherence

201

(1)

9.9 Interference of two parallel plane waves

202

(2)

9.10 Fast and slow detectors

204

(1)

9.11 Coherence time and coherence length

204

(3)

9.12 A Michelson interferometer investigating longitudinal coherence

207

(2)

9.13 Fringe visibility

209

(1)

9.14 Orders of magnitude

210

(1)

9.15 Discussion

210

(3)

9.15.1 What of lasers7

211

(1)

9.15.2 The Young slite: another look

211

(1)

9.15.3 Fast and slow detectors: another look

212

(1)

9.15.4 Grating monochromator: another look

212

(1)

9.15.5 Polarized and unpolarized light

213

(1)

Problems

213

(6)

10 Coherence: correlation functions

219

(29)

10.1 Introduction

219

(1)

10.2 Correlation function: definition

219

(2)

10.3 Autocorrelation and the Michelson interferometer

221

(1)

10.4 Normalized autocorrelation function

221

(2)

10.5 Fringe visibility

223

10.6 The Wiener-Khintchine theorem

222

(1)

10.7 Fourier transform spectroscopy

223

(3)

10.8 Partial coherence: transverse

226

(1)

10.9 The van Cittert-Zernike theorem

227

(2)

10.10 Intensity correlation

229

(1)

10.11 Chaotic light and laser light

229

(1)

10.12 The Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiment

230

(2)

10.13 Stellar diameters measured by intensity correlation

232

(1)

10.14 Classical and quantum optic

233

(2)

Problems

235

(13)

11 Optical practicalities: étendue, interferometry, fringe localization

248

(24)

11.1 Introduction

249

(1)

11.2 Energy flow: étendue and radiance

249

(1)

11.3 Conservation of étendue and radiance

250

(1)

11.4 Longitudinal and transverse modes

251

(1)

11.5 Etendue and coherence area

251

(1)

11.6 Field modes and entropy

252

(1)

11.7 Radiance of some optical sources

253

(1)

11.7.1 Radiance of a black body

253

(1)

11.7.2 Radiance of a gas-discharge lamp

253

(1)

11.7.3 Radiance of a light-emitting diode (LED)

254

(1)

11.8 Etendue and interferometers

254

(1)

11.9 Etendue and spectrometers

255

(1)

11.10 A design study: a Fourier-transform spectrometer

256

(1)

11.11 Fringe localization

256

(4)

Problems

260

(12)

12 Image formation: diffraction theory

272

(20)

12.1 Introduction

272

(1)

12.2 Image formation with transversely coherent illumination: informal

272

(2)

12.3 Image formation: ideal optical system

274

(1)

12.4 Image formation: imperfect optical system

275

(1)

12.5 Microscope resolution: Abbe theory

276

(2)

12.5.1 Abbe theory: introduction

276

(1)

12.5.2 Abbe theory: explanation

276

(2)

12.6 Improving the basic microscope

278

(1)

12.7 Phase contrast

279

(2)

12.8 Dark-ground illumination

281

(1)

12.9 Schlieren

281

(1)

12.10 Apodizing

282

(1)

12.11 Holography

283

(1)

12.12 The point spread function

283

(1)

12.13 Optical transfer function; modulation transfer function

284

(2)

Problems

286

(6)

13 Holography

292

(19)

13.1 Introduction

292

(1)

13.2 Special case: plane-wave object beam and plane-wave reference beam

293

(1)

13.3 The intensity of the reference beam

294

(1)

13.4 The response of a photographic emulsion

295

(2)

13.5 The theory of holography

297

(2)

13.6 Formation of an image

299

(1)

13.7 What if we break a hologram in half?

300

(1)

13.8 Replay with changed optical geometry

301

(1)

13.9 The effect of a thick photographic emulsion

302

(1)

13.10 Phase holograms

303

(1)

13.11 Gabor's holograms

303

(1)

13.12 Practicalities

304

(1)

13.13 Applications of holography

305

(1)

Problem

306

(5)

14 Optical fibres

311

(13)

14.1 introduction

311

(1)

14.2 Fibre optics: basics

312

(1)

14.3 Transverse modes

313

(3)

14.4 Dispersion

316

(2)

14.4.1 Material dispersion

317

(1)

14.4.2 Intermodal and intramodal dispersion

317

(1)

14.5 Multimode fibres

318

(1)

14.6 Single-mode fibres

318

(1)

Problems

319

(5)

15 Polarization

324

(13)

15.1 Introduction

324

(1)

15.2 Anisotropic media

324

(1)

15.3 The mathematics of anisotropy

324

(1)

15.4 The understanding of tensor

325

(1)

15.5 The Faraday effect

326

(1)

15.6 Optical activity

327

(1)

Problems

327

(10)

16 Two modern optical devices

337

(9)

16.1 Introduction

337

(1)

16.2 Compact disc: description of the disc

337

(1)

16.3 Compact disc: the encoding scheme

338

(1)

16.4 Optics of reading a compact disc

339

(1)

16.5 Feedback systems

340

(2)

16.5.1 Correction of tracking

340

(1)

16.5.2 Correction of focus

341

(1)

16.6 CD-ROM

342

(1)

16.7 DVD

342

(1)

16.8 The confocal microscope

343

(1)

16.9 Confocal microscope: resolution

344

(1)

16.10 The confocal microscope: depth of focus

344

(1)

Problems

345

(1)

Notes on selected problems

346

(37)

Bibliography

383

(4)

Index

387

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Modern Classical Optics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials