Modern Earth Science

, by Ramsey, William L.

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ISBN: 9780030506093 | 0030506093
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/1998

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Introducing Earth Science

xvi

Lab and Field Safety

xviii

Concept Mapping

xxi

UNIT 1 Studying the Earth

xxii

Introduction to Earth Science

(20)

What Is Earth Science?

(6)

EarthBeat: The Earth's Circumference

(5)

Paths to Discovery: Scientific Methods

(5)

Science & Technology: The Internet

(4)

Birth of a Theory: The Big Bang

(8)

Small-Scale Investigation: The Big Bang Theory

(1)

Review

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Scientific Method

(2)

The Earth in Space

(20)

Earth: A Unique Planet

(6)

Career Focus: Earth Structure (Field Geologist, Instrumentation Technician, Surveyor)

(3)

Movements of the Earth

(6)

Impact on Society: Biological Clocks

(2)

Artificial Satellites

(7)

Small-Scale Investigation: Gravity and Orbits

(1)

Review

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Earth-Sun Motion

(2)

Models of the Earth

(22)

Finding Locations on the Earth

(3)

Mapping the Earth's Surface

(4)

Topographic Maps

(14)

Science & Technology: Navstar: A Global Positioning System

(2)

Small-Scale Investigation: Topographic Maps

(2)

Review

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Contour Maps

(2)

Maps in Action: Journey to Red River

(2)

Eye on the Environment: Mapping Life on Earth

(2)

UNIT 2 The Dynamic Earth

(72)

Plate Tectonics

(16)

Continental Drift

(5)

EarthBeat: Evidence of Seafloor Spreading

(1)

Impact on Society: Living on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

(2)

The Theory of Plate Tectonics

(10)

Small-Scale Investigation: Lithospheric Plate Boundaries

(3)

Review

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: A Model of Convection Currents

(2)

Deformation of the Crust

(16)

How the Crust Is Deformed

(2)

The Results of Stress

(3)

Small-Scale Investigation: Folds and Fractures

(1)

Mountain Formation

(10)

Science & Technology: Tracking Plate Movements

(3)

EarthBeat: The Disappearing Mediterranean

(1)

Review

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Continental Collisions

(2)

Earthquakes

(18)

Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics

(4)

EarthBeat: The Big Squeeze

102

(1)

Recording Earthquakes

103

(3)

Small-Scale Investigation: Seismographic Record

105

(1)

Earthquake Damage

106

(10)

Impact on Society: The Great Hanshin Earthquake

107

(1)

Career Focus: Earth Forces (Tectonophysicist, Volcanologist, Exploration Geophysicist)

108

(4)

Review

112

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Earthquake Waves

114

(2)

Volcanoes

116

(20)

Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics

117

(3)

Volcanic Eruptions

120

(6)

Small-Scale Investigation: Volcanic Cones

123

(2)

Impact on Society: Krakatau

125

(1)

Extraterrestrial Volcanism

126

(10)

Review

128

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Hot Spots and Volcanoes

130

(2)

Maps in Action: A Case of the Tennessee Shakes

132

(2)

Eye on the Environment: Volcanoes Put a Chill in the Air

134

(2)

UNIT 3 Composition of the Earth

136

(80)

Earth Chemistry

138

(18)

Matter

139

(8)

Small-Scale Investigation: Electrically Charged Objects

140

(4)

Science & Technology: The Smallest Particles

144

(3)

Combinations of Atoms

147

(9)

Review

152

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Chemical Analysis

154

(2)

Minerals of the Earth's Crust

156

(18)

What Is a Mineral?

157

(6)

Career Focus: Mineral Resources (Mining Engineer, Gem Cutter, Mine Inspector)

160

(3)

Identifying Minerals

163

(11)

Small-Scale Investigation: Mineral Identification

167

(2)

Impact on Society: Mineral Resources

169

(1)

Review

170

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Mineral Identification

172

(2)

Rocks

174

(20)

Rocks and the Rock Cycle

175

(3)

Igneous Rock

178

(4)

Small-Scale Investigation: Crystal Formation

180

(2)

Sedimentary Rock

182

(5)

Science & Technology: Landsat Maps the World

184

(3)

Metamorphic Rock

187

(7)

EarthBeat: Moon Rocks

189

(1)

Review

190

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Classification of Rocks

192

(2)

Resources and Energy

194

(22)

Mineral Resources

195

(3)

Fossil Fuels

198

(4)

Nuclear Energy

202

(2)

Alternative Energy Sources

204

(12)

Small-Scale Investigation: Solar Collector

205

(1)

Science & Technology: Solar Two

206

(2)

Review

208

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Extraction of Copper from Its Ore

210

(2)

Maps in Action: Buried Treasure

212

(2)

Eye on the Environment: What's Mined Is Yours

214

(2)

UNIT 4 Reshaping the Crust

216

(104)

Weathering and Erosion

218

(24)

Weathering Processes

219

(5)

Small-Scale Investigation: Mechanical Weathering

220

(3)

Impact on Society: The Price of Corrosion

223

(1)

Rates of Weathering

224

(3)

Weathering and Soil

227

(4)

Erosion

231

(11)

Career Focus: Natural Resources (Soil Conservationist, Hydrologist, Water Purification Technician)

234

(4)

Review

238

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Soil Chemistry

240

(2)

Water and Erosion

242

(18)

The Water Cycle

243

(4)

EarthBeat: Life Cycle of a Lake

245

(2)

River Systems

247

(5)

Small-Scale Investigation: Soil Erosion

248

(4)

Stream Deposition

252

(8)

Impact on Society: A River and a City

253

(3)

Review

256

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Sediments and Water

258

(2)

Groundwater and Erosion

260

(16)

Water Beneath the Surface

261

(5)

Small-Scale Investigation: Permeability

262

(4)

Wells and Springs

266

(3)

Groundwater and Chemical Weathering

269

(7)

Impact on Society: Disappearing Land

270

(2)

Review

272

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Porosity

274

(2)

Glaciers: and Erosion

276

(20)

Glaciers: Moving Ice

277

(5)

Science & Technology: Monitoring Ice Streams in Antarctica

280

(2)

Landforms Created by Glaciers

282

(7)

Small-Scale Investigation: Glacial Erosion

284

(4)

EarthBeat: Lake Agassiz

288

(1)

Ice Ages

289

(7)

Review

292

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Glaciers and Sea Level

294

(2)

Erosion by Wind and Waves

296

(24)

Wind Erosion

297

(5)

Small-Scale Investigation: Dune Migration

300

(2)

Wave Erosion

302

(5)

Coastal Erosion and Deposition

307

(13)

Impact on Society: The Flooding of Venice

309

(3)

Review

312

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Beaches

314

(2)

Maps in Action: What Comes Down Must Go...Where?

316

(2)

Eye on the Environment: Losing Ground

318

(2)

UNIT 5 The History of the Earth

320

(66)

The Rock Record

322

(22)

Determining Relative Age

323

(4)

Determining Absolute Age

327

(7)

Science & Technology: Advances in Uranium-Lead Dating

330

(2)

Small-Scale Investigation: Radioactive Decay

332

(2)

The Fossil Record

334

(10)

EarthBeat: Clues to Climate

339

(1)

Review

340

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Fossils

342

(2)

A View of the Earth's Past

344

(20)

The Geologic Time Scale

345

(2)

Geologic History

347

(17)

Science & Technology: CAT Scanning Fossils

350

(9)

Small-Scale Investigation: Geologic Time Scale

359

(1)

Review

360

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Geologic Time

362

(2)

The History of the Continents

364

(22)

Movements of the Continents

365

(5)

Small-Scale Investigation: Plate Tectonics Theory

366

(3)

EarthBeat: Geography of the Future

369

(1)

Growth of a Continent: North America

370

(4)

Impact on Society: Land Bridge to the Americas

373

(1)

Formation of the Grand Canyon

374

(12)

Career Focus: Fossils (Paleontologist, Stratigrapher, Paleontological Assistant)

376

(2)

Review

378

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: History in the Rocks

380

(2)

Maps in Action: Where the Hippos Roam

382

(2)

Eye on the Environment: The Mysterious Bone Bed

384

(2)

UNIT 6 Oceans

386

(66)

The Ocean Basins

388

(18)

The Water Planet

389

(4)

Small-Scale Investigation: Sonar

392

(1)

Features of the Ocean Floor

393

(6)

Impact on Society: Fishing on the Continental Shelves

394

(2)

Career Focus: Oceans (Underwater Photographer, Marine Surveyor, Oceanographer)

396

(3)

Ocean-Floor Sediments

399

(7)

Review

402

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Ocean-Floor Sediments

404

(2)

Ocean Water

406

(20)

Properties of Ocean Water

407

(6)

Small-Scale Investigation: Density Factors

411

(2)

Life in the Oceans

413

(4)

Ocean Resources

417

(9)

Science & Technology: Efficient Desalination

418

(4)

Review

422

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Ocean Water Density

424

(2)

Movements of the Ocean

426

(26)

Ocean Currents

427

(6)

EarthBeat: Shifting Currents

430

(3)

Ocean Waves

433

(6)

Small-Scale Investigation: Waves

435

(4)

Tides

439

(13)

Science & Technology: Energy from the Ocean

440

(4)

Review

444

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Wave Motion

446

(2)

Maps in Action: Mapping the Sea Floor From Space

448

(2)

Eye on the Environment: A Harbor Makes a Comeback

450

(2)

UNIT 7 Atmospheric Forces

452

(92)

The Atmosphere

454

(24)

Characteristics of the Atmosphere

455

(8)

Small-Scale Investigation: Barometric Pressure

458

(5)

Solar Energy and the Atmosphere

463

(6)

EarthBeat: Visible Light and the Atmosphere

464

(5)

Winds

469

(9)

Science & Technology: Energy from the Wind

470

(4)

Review

474

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Air Density and Temperature

476

(2)

Water in the Atmosphere

478

(20)

Atmospheric Moisture

479

(5)

Small-Scale Investigation: Relative Humidity

482

(2)

Clouds and Fog

484

(5)

Precipitation

489

(9)

Impact on Society: The Destructive Power of Hail

490

(4)

Review

494

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Relative Humidity

496

(2)

Weather

498

(24)

Air Masses

499

(3)

Fronts

502

(7)

Impact on Society: Weather Watch

506

(3)

Weather Instruments

509

(3)

Small-Scale Investigation: Wind Chill

510

(2)

Forecasting the Weather

512

(10)

EarthBeat: Project VORTEX

515

(1)

Career Focus: Weather (Meteorologist, Severe-Storm Forecaster, Weather Observer)

516

(2)

Review

518

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Weather Map Interpretation

520

(2)

Climate

522

(22)

Factors That Affect Climate

523

(6)

Impact on Society: El Nino

525

(2)

Small-Scale Investigation: Evaporation

527

(2)

Climate Zones

529

(15)

EarthBeat: An Endangered Habitat

530

(6)

Review

536

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Factors That Affect Climate

538

(2)

Maps in Action: Snapshots of the Weather

540

(2)

Eye on the Environment: Keeping Cool With Algae

542

(2)

UNIT 8 Studying Space

544

(98)

Stars and Galaxies

546

(24)

Characteristics of Stars

547

(8)

Small-Scale Investigation: Parallax

551

(4)

Stellar Evolution

555

(6)

Science & Technology: The Hubble Space Telescope Eyes New Stars

556

(5)

Star Groups

561

(9)

EarthBeat: Quasars

565

(1)

Review

566

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Star Magnitudes

568

(2)

The Sun

570

(20)

Structure of the Sun

571

(5)

Small-Scale Investigation: Solar Viewer

573

(3)

Solar Activity

576

(4)

Impact on Society: Coronal Mass Ejections

578

(2)

Formation of the Solar System

580

(10)

Career Focus: Space (Astronomer, Planetarium Technician, Solar Energy Systems Designer)

582

(3)

EarthBeat: The Solar Constant

585

(1)

Review

586

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Size and Energy of the Sun

588

(2)

The Solar System

590

(24)

Models of the Solar System

591

(3)

The Inner Planets

594

(4)

The Outer Planets

598

(8)

Science & Technology: Galileo Probes Jupiter

602

(2)

Small-Scale Investigation: The Solar System

604

(2)

Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids

606

(8)

Review

610

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Crater Analysis

612

(2)

Moons and Rings

614

(28)

The Earth's Moon

615

(6)

Science & Technology: Mining on the Moon

618

(3)

Movements of the Moon

621

(5)

EarthBeat: Effects of Tides

622

(3)

Small-Scale Investigation: Eclipses

625

(1)

The Lunar Cycle

626

(4)

Satellites of Other Planets

630

(12)

Review

634

(2)

In-Depth Investigation: Galilean Moons of Jupiter

636

(2)

Maps in Action: Stars in Your Eyes

638

(2)

Eye on the Environment: The Great Junkyard in the Sky

640

(2)

Long-Range Investigations

642

(22)

References

664

(14)

Glossary

678

(16)

Index

694

(18)

Credits

712

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