Modern Lens Design

Unlike the first edition, which was more a collection of lens designs for use in larger projects, the 2nd edition of Modern Lens Design is an optical "how-to." Delving deep into the mechanics of lens design, optics legend Warren J. Smith reveals time-tested methods for designing top-quality lenses. He deals with lens design software, primarily OSLO, by far the current market leaders, and provides 7 comprehensive worked examples, all new to this edition. With this book in hand, there's no lens an optical engineer can't design.

Warren J. Smith is Chief Scientist at Kaiser Electro-Optics as well as an independent consultant. He is the author of three prior books on lens design, including the first edition of this one, and the classics, Modern Optical Engineering and Practical Optical System Layout. He lives in Carlsbad, California.

Preface

xiii

Introduction

1

(10)

Lens Design Books

1

(1)

Reference Material

2

(1)

Specifications

2

(2)

Lens Design

4

(3)

Lens Design Program Features

7

(21)

About This Book

28

Automatic Lens Design: Managing the Lens Design Program

11

(36)

Optimization

11

(2)

The Merit Function

13

(6)

Local Minima

19

(2)

The Landscape Lens

21

(7)

Types of Merit Functions

28

(1)

Stagnation

29

(1)

Generalized Simulated Annealing

30

(1)

Considerations about Variables for Optimization

31

(5)

How to Increase the Speed or Field of a System and Avoid Ray Failure Problems

36

(1)

Test Plate Fits, Melt Fits, Thickness Fits, and Reverse Aberration Fits

37

(3)

Spectral Weighting

40

(1)

How to Get Started

41

(6)

Improving a Design

47

(24)

Lens Design Tip Sheet: Standard Improvement Techniques

47

(4)

Glass Changes: Index and V-value

51

(1)

Splitting Elements

52

(3)

Separating a Cemented Doublet

55

(1)

Compounding an Element

55

(3)

Vignetting and Its Uses

58

(2)

Eliminating a Weak Element---the Concentric Problem

60

(1)

Balancing Aberrations

60

(7)

The Symmetrical Principle

67

(1)

Aspheric Surfaces

68

(3)

Evaluation: How Good Is This Design?

71

(14)

The Uses of a Preliminary Evaluation

71

(1)

OPD versus Measures of Performance

71

(9)

Geometric Blur Spot Size versus Certain Aberrations

80

(2)

Interpreting MTF---The Modulation Transfer Function

82

(1)

Fabrication Considerations

83

(2)

Lens Design Data

85

(24)

About the Sample Lens Designs

85

(2)

Lens Prescriptions, Drawings, and Aberration Plots

87

(5)

Estimating the Potential of a Redesign

92

(4)

Scaling a Design, Its Aberrations, and Its Modulation Transfer Function

96

(2)

Notes on the Interpretation of Ray Intercept Plots

98

(5)

Various Evaluation Plots

103

(6)

Telescope Objectives

109

(42)

The Thin Airspaced Doublet

109

(1)

Merit Function for a Telescope Objective

110

(5)

The Design of an f/7 Cemented Doublet Telescope Objective

115

(3)

Spherochromatism

118

(5)

Zonal Spherical Aberration

123

(1)

Induced Aberrations

124

(1)

Three-Element Objectives

125

(1)

Secondary Spectrum (Apochromatic Systems)

125

(8)

The Design of an f/7 Apochromatic Triplet

133

(12)

The Diffractive Surface in Lens Design

145

(5)

A Final Note

150

(1)

Eyepieces and Magnifiers

151

(50)

Eyepieces

151

(4)

A Pair of Magnifier Designs

155

(1)

The Simple, Classical Eyepieces

155

(5)

Design Story of an Eyepiece for a 6 x 30 Binocular

160

(16)

Four-Element Eyepieces

176

(11)

Five-Element Eyepieces

187

(1)

Very High index Eyepiece/Magnifier

187

(13)

Six-and Seven-Element Eyepieces

200

(1)

Cooke Triplet Anastigmats

201

(46)

Airspaced Triplet Anastigmats

201

(4)

Glass Choice

205

(1)

Vertex Length and Residual Aberrations

206

(3)

Other Design Considerations

209

(6)

A Plastic, Aspheric Triplet Camera Lens

215

(8)

Camera Lens Anastigmat Design ``from Scratch''---The Cooke Triplet

223

(11)

Possible Improvements to Our ``Basic'' Triplet

234

(2)

The Rare Earth (Lanthanum) Glasses

236

(1)

Aspherizing the Surfaces

237

(9)

Increasing the Element Thickness

246

(1)

Split Triplets

247

(12)

The Tessar, Heliar, and Other Compounded Triplets

259

(38)

The Classic Tessar

259

(7)

The Heliar/Pentac

266

(1)

The Portrait Lens and the Enlarger Lens

266

(6)

Other Compounded Triplets

272

(1)

Camera Lens Anastigmat Design ``from Scratch''---The Tessar and Heliar

272

(25)

Double-Meniscus Anastigmats

297

(22)

Meniscus Components

297

(1)

The Hypergon, Topogon, and Metrogon

297

(2)

A Two Element Aspheric Thick Meniscus Camera Lens

299

(3)

Protar, Dagor, and Convertible Lenses

302

(3)

The Split Dagor

305

(1)

The Dogmar

305

(1)

Camera Lens Anastigmat Design ``from Scratch''---The Dogmar Lens

305

(14)

The Biotar or Double-Gauss Lens

319

(36)

The Basic Six-Element Version

319

(10)

Twenty-Eight Things That Every Lens Designer Should Know About the Double-Gauss/Biotar Lens

329

(5)

The Seven-Element Biotar---Split-Rear Crown

334

(6)

The Seven-Element Biotar---Broken Contact Front Doublet

340

(1)

The Seven-Element Biotar---One Compounded Outer Element

340

(1)

The Eight-Element Biotar

340

(10)

A ``Doubled Double-Gauss'' Relay

350

(5)

Telephoto Lenses

355

(40)

The Basic Telephoto

355

(1)

Close-up or Macro Lenses

356

(2)

Telephoto Designs

358

(9)

Design of a 200-mm f/4 Telephoto for a 35-mm Camera ``from Scratch''

367

(28)

Reversed Telephoto (Retrofocus and Fish-Eye) Lenses

395

(20)

The Reversed Telephoto Principle

395

(2)

The Basic Retrofocus Lens

397

(5)

Fish-Eye, or Extreme Wide-Angle Reversed Telephoto, Lenses

402

(13)

Wide-Angle Lenses with Negative Outer Elements

415

(8)

The Petzval Lens; Head-up Display Lenses

423

(18)

The Petzval Portrait Lens

423

(1)

The Petzval Projection Lens

423

(3)

The Petzval with a Field Flattener

426

(3)

Very High Speed Petzval Lenses

429

(8)

Head-up Display (HUD) Lenses, Biocular Lenses, and Head/Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) Systems

437

(4)

Microscope Objectives

441

(14)

General Considerations

441

(1)

Classical Objective Design Forms: The Aplanatic Front

442

(4)

Flat-Field Objectives

446

(1)

Reflecting Objectives

446

(1)

The Microscope Objective Designs

447

(8)

Mirror and Catadioptric Systems

455

(48)

The Good and the Bad Points of Mirrors

455

(1)

The Classical Two-Mirror Systems

456

(13)

Catadioptric Systems

469

(4)

Aspheric Correctors and Schmidt Systems

473

(3)

Confocal Paraboloids

476

(1)

Unobscured Systems

476

(6)

Design of a Schmidt-Cassegrain ``from Scratch''

482

(21)

Infrared and Ultraviolet Systems

503

(18)

Infrared Optics

503

(1)

IR Objective Lenses

504

(3)

IR Telescopes

507

(4)

Laser Beam Expanders

511

(3)

Ultraviolet Systems

514

(1)

Microlithographic Lenses

514

(7)

Zoom Lenses

521

(30)

Zoom Lenses

521

(5)

Zoom Lenses for Point and Shoot Cameras

526

(13)

A 20x Video Zoom Lens

539

(2)

A Zoom Scanner Lens

541

(1)

A Possible Zoom Lens Design Procedure

542

(9)

Projection TV Lenses and Macro Lenses

551

(10)

Projection TV Lenses

551

(2)

Macro Lenses

553

(8)

Scanner/f-θ, Laser Disk and Collimator Lenses

561

(12)

Monochromatic Systems

561

(1)

Scanner Lenses

561

(10)

Laser Disk, Focussing, and Collimator Lenses

571

(2)

Tolerance Budgeting

573

(14)

The Tolerance Budget

573

(5)

Additive Tolerances

578

(5)

Establishing the Tolerance Budget

583

(4)

Formulary

587

(18)

Sign Conventions, Symbols, and Definitions

587

(1)

The Cardinal Points

588

(2)

Image Equations

590

(2)

Paraxial Ray Tracing (Surface by Surface)

592

(2)

Invariants

594

(1)

Paraxial Ray Tracing (Component by Component)

594

(1)

Two-Component Relationships

595

(1)

Third-Order Aberrations---Surface Contributions

596

(2)

Third-Order Aberrations---Thin Lens Contributions: The G-Sum Equations

598

(2)

Stop Shift Equations

600

(1)

Third-Order Aberrations---Contributions from Aspheric Surfaces

601

(1)

Conversion of Aberrations to Wavefront Deformation (Optical Path Difference)

601

(4)

Glossary

605

(16)

References

621

(2)

Index

623

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Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials