Modern Raman Spectroscopy : A Practical

This book reflects the dramatic increase in the number of Raman spectrometers being sold to and used by non-expert practitioners. It contains coverage of Resonance Raman and SERS, two hot areas of Raman, in a form suitable for the non-expert. Builds Raman theory up in stages without overloading the reader with complex theory Includes two chapters on instrumentation and interpretation that shows how Raman spectra can be obtained and interpreted Explains the potential of using Raman spectroscopy in a wide variety of applications Includes detailed, but concise information and worked examples

Preface

ix

Acknowledgements

xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, BASIC THEORY AND PRINCIPLES

1

(22)

1.1 Introduction

1

(1)

1.2 Basic Theory

2

(6)

1.3 Molecular Vibrations

8

(12)

1.4 Summary

20

(3)

CHAPTER 2 THE RAMAN EXPERIMENT - RAMAN INSTRUMENTATION, SAMPLE PRESENTATION, DATA HANDLING AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF INTERPRETATION

23

(48)

2.1 Introduction

23

(1)

2.2 Choice of Instrument

24

(1)

2.3 Visible Excitation

24

(6)

2.4 NIR Excitation

30

(1)

2.5 Raman Sample Preparation and Handling

31

(10)

2.6 Sample Mounting Accessories

41

(4)

2.7 Microscopy

45

(6)

2.8 Calibration

51

(2)

2.9 Data Handling, Manipulation and Quantitation

53

(8)

2.10 Approach to Qualitative Interpretation

61

(6)

2.11 Summary

67

(4)

CHAPTER 3 THE THEORY OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

71

(22)

3.1 Introduction

71

(1)

3.2 Absorption and Scattering

72

(2)

3.3 States of a System and Hooke's Law

74

(2)

3.4 The Nature of Polarizability and the Measurement of Polarization

76

(4)

3.5 The Basic Selection Rule

80

(1)

3.6 Number and Symmetry of Vibrations

80

(2)

3.7 Symmetry Elements and Point Groups

82

(4)

3.8 The Mutual Exclusion Rule

86

(1)

3.9 The Kramer Heisenberg Dirac Expression

86

(4)

3.10 Lattice Modes

90

(1)

3.11 Conclusions

91

(2)

CHAPTER 4 RESONANCE RAMAN SCATTERING

93

(20)

4.1 Introduction

93

(1)

4.2 Theoretical Aspects

94

(7)

4.3 Practical Aspects

101

(2)

4.4 Examples of the Use of Resonance Raman Scattering

103

(9)

4.5 Conclusions

112

(1)

CHAPTER 5 SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING AND SURFACE-ENHANCED RESONANCE RAMAN SCATTERING

113

(22)

5.1 Introduction

113

(3)

5.2 Theory

116

(1)

5.3 Electromagnetic and Charge Transfer Enhancement

117

(4)

5.4 Selection Rules

121

(1)

5.5 Applications of SERS

122

(4)

5.6 Applications of SERRS

126

(1)

5.7 The Basic Method

127

(8)

CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS

135

(46)

6.1 Introduction

135

(1)

6.2 Inorganics and Minerals

135

(8)

6.3 Art and Archaeology

143

(1)

6.4 Polymers and Emulsions

143

(6)

6.5 Colour

149

(9)

6.6 Electronics Applications

158

(2)

6.7 Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications

160

(6)

6.8 Forensic Applications

166

(1)

6.9 Plant Control and Reaction Following

167

(5)

6.10 Summary

172

(9)

CHAPTER 7 MORE ADVANCED RAMAN SCATTERING TECHNIQUES

181

(22)

7.1 Flexible Optics

182

(5)

7.2 Tuneable Lasers, Frequency Doubling and Pulsed Lasers

187

(2)

7.3 Spatially Resolved Systems

189

(2)

7.4 Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy

191

(5)

7.5 Time Resolved Scattering

196

(2)

7.6 Raman Optical Activity

198

(1)

7.7 UV Excitation

199

(2)

7.8 Conclusions

201

(2)

Index

203

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Modern Raman Spectroscopy : A Practical Approach

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