Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide

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ISBN: 9780415273039 | 041527303X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/30/2003

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This new edition of the Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide is an innovative reference guide to Spanish, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume. The Grammar is divided into two parts. Part A covers traditional grammatical categories such as word order, nouns, verbs and adjectives. Part B is carefully organized around language functions and notions such as: * Giving and seeking information * Putting actions into context * Expressing likes, dislikes and preferences With a strong emphasis on contemporary usage, all grammar points and functions are richly illustrated with examples. Implementing feedback from users of the first edition of the grammar, this second edition now features: * More functional items * Clearer explanations and more accessible descriptors * Greater emphasis on areas of particular difficulty for learners of Spanish, such as tense usage, ser and estar and the reflective. This is the ideal reference grammar for learners ofSpanish at all levels, from elementary to advanced. No prior knowledge of grammatical terminology is assumed and a glossary of grammatical terms is provided.

Introduction

xvii

Glossary

xix

Part A Structures

1 Pronunciation and spelling

(8)

1.1 The Spanish alphabet

(3)

1.2 Diphthongs

(1)

1.3 Syllabification

(1)

1.4 Sinalefa

(1)

1.5 The written stress accent

(2)

1.6 Punctuation

(1)

1.7 Capital letters

(1)

2 Gender and gender agreements

(5)

2.1 Masculine and feminine

(1)

2.2 Plural

(1)

2.3 General rules for gender

(1)

2.4 Words which are both masculine and feminine

(1)

2.5 Nouns which vary in gender

(1)

2.6 Agreement classes of adjectives

(1)

2.7 The neuter

(1)

2.8 Lo

(1)

3 Plurals and number agreement

(3)

3.1 Plural forms

(1)

3.2 Number agreement

(2)

4 The articles

(5)

4.1 Definite article

(1)

4.2 Principal differences between the use of the definite article in Spanish and English

(1)

4.3 Definite article + que and de

(1)

4.4 The indefinite article

(1)

4.5 Principal differences between the use of the indefinite article in Spanish and English

(1)

4.6 Use of the plural unos, unas

(1)

5 Adjectives

(4)

5.1 Shortening of adjectives

(1)

5.2 Adjective position

(2)

5.3 Adjectives used as nouns

(1)

5.4 Adjectives used as adverbs

(1)

6 Comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs

(2)

6.1 Lack of distinction between 'more...' and 'most...'

(1)

6.2 Syntax of comparative constructions

(1)

7 Numbers

(4)

7.1 Cardinal numbers

(1)

7.2 Ordinal numbers

(1)

7.3 Expressions involving numbers

(2)

8 Personal pronouns

(6)

8.1 Subject pronouns

(2)

8.2 Object pronouns

(3)

8.3 Reduplicated pronoun structures

(1)

9 Demonstratives

(2)

9.1 Forms

(1)

9.2 Order

(1)

9.3 Usage

(1)

10 Possessives

(3)

10.1 Forms

(1)

10.2 Usage

(2)

11 Relative pronouns

(3)

11.1 Que

(1)

11.2 El que/el cual, etc.

(1)

11.3 Quien(es)

(1)

11.4 Cuyo (adj.)

(1)

12 Interrogative and exclamatory forms

(4)

12.1 ¿Como?/¡Como!

(1)

12.2 ¿Cuál? and ¿Qué?/¡Qué!

(1)

12.3 ¿Cuándo?

(1)

12.4 ¿Cuánto?/¡Cuánto!

(1)

12.5 ¿Dónde?/¿Adónde?

(1)

12.6 ¿Para qué?/¿Por qué?

(1)

12.7 ¿Qué tal?

(1)

12.8 ¿Quién(es)?

(1)

12.9 ¿Verdad?, ¿no?

(1)

13 Indefinite and negative pronouns and adjectives

(3)

13.1 Alguno and ninguno

(1)

13.2 Alguien and nadie

(1)

13.3 Uno

(1)

13.4 Algo and nada

(1)

13.5 Cualquiera

(1)

13.6 Quienquiera

(1)

13.7 Todo

(1)

14 Adverbs

(2)

14.1 Formation of adverbs in -mente

(1)

14.2 Other adverbs

(1)

15 Negation

(2)

15.1 No

(1)

15.2 Negative element following the verb

(1)

15.3 Expressions requiring a negative

(1)

15.4 No... sino...

(1)

15.5 Negation of adjectives

(1)

15.6 Negative questions

(1)

16 Verb forms

(13)

16.1 The overall pattern

(13)

17 Use of the verb forms

(11)

17.1 Present

(1)

17.2 Perfect

(1)

17.3 Imperfect

(1)

17.4 Preterite

(1)

17.5 Future

(1)

17.6 Future perfect

(1)

17.7 Conditional

(1)

17.8 Conditional perfect

(1)

17.9 Pluperfect

(1)

17.10 Past anterior

(1)

17.11 Infinitive

(1)

17.12 Gerund

(1)

17.13 Imperative

(2)

18 Use of the subjunctive

(10)

18.1 The subjunctive in complements of verbs and verbal expressions

(3)

18.2 The subjunctive after conjunctions

(5)

18.3 The subjunctive in main clauses

(2)

19 Sequence of tense

(3)

19.1 In reported (indirect) speech

(2)

19.2 Constructions involving the subjunctive

(1)

20 Other forms of the verb and their uses

(3)

20.1 Estar + gerund

(1)

20.2 Ir a + infinitive

(1)

20.3 Llevar + gerund

(1)

20.4 Acabar de + infinitive

(1)

20.5 Ir + gerund

(1)

20.6 Venir + gerund

(1)

20.7 Tener + past participle

(1)

21 Modal auxiliary verbs and expressions

(4)

21.1 Poder

(1)

21.2 Deber (de)

100

(1)

21.3 Saber

101

(1)

21.4 Querer

101

(1)

21.5 Tener que

102

(1)

21.6 Haber de

102

(1)

21.7 Haber que

102

(1)

22 Ser and estar

103

(5)

22.1 Ser

103

(2)

22.2 Estar

105

(3)

23 The reflexive

108

(4)

23.1 Literal reflexive

108

(1)

23.2 Reflexives with a conventionalized meaning

108

(1)

23.3 Reciprocal reflexives

108

(1)

23.4 Inherently reflexive verbs

109

(1)

23.5 The reflexive corresponding to an English intransitive

109

(1)

23.6 Reflexive verbs with prepositional objects

109

(1)

23.7 The intensifying reflexive

110

(1)

23.8 The impersonal reflexive

111

(1)

23.9 The passive reflexive

111

(1)

24 The passive

112

(4)

24.1 Ser + past participle

112

(1)

24.2 Estar+ past participle

113

(1)

24.3 The passive reflexive

113

(1)

24.4 Use of indefinite subjects

114

(1)

24.5 Bringing the object to the front of the sentence

115

(1)

25 Prepositions

116

(15)

25.1 Basic use of prepositions

116

(13)

25.2 Groups of prepositions

129

(2)

26 Complementation

131

(10)

26.1 Sentence complementation

131

(1)

26.2 Infinitive complementation

132

(8)

26.3 Gerund complementation

140

(1)

27 Conjunctions

141

(4)

27.1 Coordinating conjunctions

141

(1)

27.2 Subordinating conjunctions

142

(3)

28 Word order

145

(8)

28.1 Statements

145

(1)

28.2 Questions

146

(7)

PART B Functions

I Social contacts and communication strategies

29 Making social contacts

153

(17)

29.1 Greeting someone

153

(1)

29.2 Conveying greetings

154

(1)

29.3 Asking people how they are

155

(1)

29.4 Introducing yourself and others

156

(1)

29.5 Taking leave

157

(2)

29.6 Expressing wishes

159

(1)

29.7 Congratulating someone

160

(1)

29.8 Using the phone

161

(4)

29.9 Writing letters

165

(5)

30 Basic strategies for communication

170

(15)

30.1 Attracting someone's attention and responding to a call for attention

170

(1)

30.2 Starting up a conversation

171

(1)

30.3 Requesting repetition and responding

172

(1)

30.4 Making sure you understand and are understood

173

(2)

30.5 Signalling that one understands the speaker

175

(1)

30.6 Asking how to pronounce or spell a word

175

(1)

30.7 Interrupting a speaker

175

(1)

30.8 Using fillers

176

(1)

30.9 Changing the subject

177

(1)

30.10 Formal development of a topic

178

(7)

II Giving and seeking factual information

31 Asking questions and responding

185

(6)

31.1 Questions requiring a yes or no answer

185

(2)

31.2 Questions seeking partial information

187

(1)

31.3 Polite and indirect questions

187

(1)

31.4 Negative questions

188

(1)

31.5 Responding to a question with another question

188

(1)

31.6 Responding to a yes or no question

189

(2)

32 Negating

191

(5)

32.1 No + verb/auxiliary

191

(1)

32.2 Limiting the scope of negation

192

(1)

32.3 Negating adjectives and nouns

192

(1)

32.4 Other ways of expressing negation

193

(3)

33 Reporting

196

(8)

33.1 Direct and indirect speech

196

(1)

33.2 Indirect speech

196

(2)

33.3 Reporting statements

198

(2)

33.4 Reporting questions

200

(1)

33.5 Reporting yes and no answers

201

(1)

33.6 Reporting commands and requests

201

(3)

34 Asking and giving personal information

204

(6)

34.1 Name

204

(1)

34.2 Nationality and place of origin

205

(1)

34.3 Marital status

206

(1)

34.4 Age

207

(1)

34.5 Date and place of birth

207

(1)

34.6 Occupation, status or rank, religion and political affiliation

208

(2)

35 Identifying people, places and things

210

(2)

35.1 Identifying oneself and others

210

(1)

35.2 Identifying places

211

(1)

35.3 Identifying things

211

(1)

36 Describing

212

(7)

36.1 Referring to a subject's nature or identity

212

(2)

36.2 Enquiring about a subject's nature or identity

214

(1)

36.3 Describing a state or condition

215

(1)

36.4 Descriptions involving an unspoken comparison

215

(1)

36.5 Asking and saying what something is made of

216

(1)

36.6 Describing events

216

(1)

36.7 Describing facts or information

217

(1)

36.8 Describing social manners

217

(1)

36.9 Describing the weather

217

(2)

37 Making comparisons

219

(7)

37.1 Comparisons of inequality

219

(3)

37.2 Comparisons of equality

222

(2)

37.3 Comparing more than two objects

224

(2)

38 Expressing existence and availability

226

(4)

38.1 Asking and answering questions regarding existence

226

(2)

38.2 Describing facilities

228

(1)

38.3 Expressing availability

228

(2)

39 Expressing location and distance

230

(7)

39.1 Expressing location

230

(2)

39.2 Asking and saying where an event will take or took place

232

(1)

39.3 Indicating precise location

232

(3)

39.4 Indicating distance

235

(2)

40 Expressing possessive relations

237

(5)

40.1 Expressing ownership and possession

237

(2)

40.2 Emphasizing possessive relations

239

(1)

40.3 Expressing possessive relations involving parts of the body and personal effects

240

(1)

40.4 Asking whose something is

240

(1)

40.5 Other ways of expressing possession

241

(1)

41 Expressing changes

242

(5)

41.1 Talking about temporary changes

242

(1)

41.2 Talking about long-lasting changes

243

(1)

41.3 Talking about changes resulting from a natural process

244

(1)

41.4 Talking about the result of a process of change

244

(1)

41.5 Talking about changes caused by an action

245

(1)

41.6 Other ways of expressing change

246

(1)

42 Describing processes and results

247

(6)

42.1 Describing processes

247

(3)

42.2 Describing results

250

(3)

43 Expressing cause, effect and purpose

253

(10)

43.1 Enquiring about cause

253

(1)

43.2 Giving reasons and expressing relationships of cause and effect

254

(2)

43.3 Other ways of expressing relationships of cause and effect

256

(1)

43.4 Enquiring about purpose

257

(1)

43.5 Expressing purpose

258

(5)

III Putting events into a wider context

44 Expressing knowledge

263

(3)

44.1 Expressing knowledge of a fact

263

(1)

44.2 Saying that one knows a person, a place or an object

264

(1)

44.3 Expressing knowledge of a subject or a skill

264

(1)

44.4 Getting to know, become acquainted with or meeting someone

264

(1)

44.5 Learning or finding out about something

265

(1)

45 Remembering and forgetting

266

(6)

45.1 Saying whether one remembers something or someone

266

(2)

45.2 Asking people whether they remember something or someone

268

(2)

45.3 Saying that one has forgotten something or someone

270

(1)

45.4 Enquiring whether someone has forgotten something or someone

271

(1)

46 Expressing obligation and duty

272

(4)

46.1 Expressing obligation and duty with regard to oneself and others

272

(2)

46.2 Enquiring whether one is obliged to do something

274

(1)

46.3 Expressing obligation in an impersonal way

274

(1)

46.4 Other ways of expressing obligation and duty

274

(2)

47 Expressing needs

276

(6)

47.1 Expressing needs with regard to oneself and others

276

(2)

47.2 Asking people about their needs

278

(1)

47.3 Expressing needs in an impersonal way

279

(2)

47.4 Expressing strong need

281

(1)

48 Expressing possibility and probability

282

(9)

48.1 Saying whether something is considered possible or impossible

282

(7)

48.2 Enquiring whether something is considered possible or impossible

289

(2)

49 Expressing certainty and uncertainty

291

(5)

49.1 Saying how certain one is of something

291

(3)

49.2 Enquiring about certainty or uncertainty

294

(2)

50 Expressing supposition

296

(3)

50.1 Common expressions of supposition

296

(3)

51 Expressing conditions

299

(7)

51.1 Open conditions

299

(2)

51.2 Unfulfilled conditions

301

(1)

51.3 Other conditional expressions

302

(4)

52 Expressing contrast or opposition

306

(5)

52.1 Common expressions of contrast or opposition

306

(5)

53 Expressing capability and incapability

311

(3)

53.1 Enquiring and making statements about capability or incapability

311

(1)

53.2 Enquiring and making statements about learned abilities

312

(2)

54 Seeking and giving permission

314

(5)

54.1 Seeking permission

314

(3)

54.2 Giving permission

317

(1)

54.3 Stating that permission is withheld

318

(1)

55 Asking and giving opinions

319

(8)

55.1 Asking someone's opinion

319

(2)

55.2 Expressing opinions

321

(4)

55.3 Enquiring about other people's opinions

325

(1)

55.4 Reporting on other people's opinions

325

(2)

56 Expressing agreement, disagreement and indifference

327

(6)

56.1 Expressing agreement

327

(1)

56.2 Expressing disagreement

328

(1)

56.3 Asking about agreement and disagreement

329

(1)

56.4 Expressing indifference

330

(3)

IV Expressing emotional attitudes

57 Expressing desires and preferences

333

(7)

57.1 Expressing desires

333

(3)

57.2 Enquiring about desires

336

(1)

57.3 Expressing preferences and enquiring about preferences

336

(2)

57.4 Expressing desires and preferences involving others

338

(2)

58 Expressing likes and dislikes

340

(6)

58.1 How to say you like or dislike something or someone

340

(2)

58.2 Enquiring about likes and dislikes

342

(1)

58.3 Other ways of expressing likes and dislikes

343

(3)

59 Expressing surprise

346

(3)

59.1 Set expressions

346

(1)

59.2 Expressing surprise with regard to someone or something

347

(2)

60 Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction

349

(3)

60.1 Expressing satisfaction

349

(1)

60.2 Expressing dissatisfaction

350

(1)

60.3 Enquiring about satisfaction and dissatisfaction

351

(1)

61 Expressing approval and disapproval

352

(3)

61.1 Expressing approval

352

(1)

61.2 Expressing disapproval

353

(1)

61.3 Enquiring about approval and disapproval

353

(2)

62 Expressing hope

355

(3)

62.1 Saying what one hopes or others hope to do

355

(1)

62.2 Expressing hope with regard to others

355

(1)

62.3 Expressing hope in reply to a question or as a statement

356

(2)

63 Expressing sympathy

358

(4)

63.1 Saying one is sorry about something

358

(2)

63.2 Saying one is glad about something

360

(2)

64 Apologizing and expressing forgiveness

362

(3)

64.1 Apologizing

362

(2)

64.2 Expressing forgiveness

364

(1)

65 Expressing fear or worry

365

(5)

65.1 Common expressions of fear

365

(4)

65.2 Other ways of expressing fear

369

(1)

66 Expressing gratitude

370

(5)

66.1 Expressing gratitude

370

(2)

66.2 Responding to an expression of gratitude

372

(3)

V The language of persuasion

67 Giving advice and making suggestions

375

(6)

67.1 Giving advice and making suggestions not involving the speaker

375

(3)

67.2 Suggesting a course of action involving the speaker

378

(1)

67.3 Asking for advice and suggestions

379

(2)

68 Making requests

381

(4)

68.1 Common expressions of request

381

(4)

69 Giving directions, instructions and orders

385

(5)

69.1 Giving directions

385

(2)

69.2 Giving instructions

387

(1)

69.3 Giving orders

388

(2)

70 Making an offer or invitation and accepting or declining

390

(9)

70.1 Making an offer or invitation

390

(4)

70.2 Accepting or declining an offer or invitation

394

(1)

70.3 Enquiring whether an invitation is accepted or declined

394

(5)

VI Expressing temporal relations

71 Talking about the present

399

(9)

71.1 Describing present states or conditions

399

(1)

71.2 Giving information about facts which are generally true or true in the present

399

(1)

71.3 Referring to events which are in the present but not in progress

400

(1)

71.4 Expressing timeless ideas or emotions

400

(1)

71.5 Referring to events taking place in the present

400

(1)

71.6 Talking about permanent and habitual actions

401

(2)

71.7 Saying how long one has been doing something

403

(3)

71.8 Expressing possibility, probability or uncertainty with regard to something in the present

406

(2)

72 Talking about the future

408

(7)

72.1 Expressing plans and intentions

408

(3)

72.2 Referring to the immediate future

411

(1)

72.3 Referring to future events

412

(1)

72.4 Expressing promises

413

(1)

72.5 Expressing possibility, probability or uncertainty with regard to something in the future

413

(2)

73 Talking about the past

415

(11)

73.1 Referring to past events related to the present or the recent past

415

(1)

73.2 Referring to a prolonged action which began in the past and is still in progress

416

(1)

73.3 Referring to the immediate past

417

(1)

73.4 Referring to events which are past and complete

418

(1)

73.5 Saying how long ago something happened

419

(1)

73.6 Talking about long-lasting past events

419

(1)

73.7 Talking about actions which were completed before another past event took place

420

(1)

73.8 Describing past states or actions in progress over an unspecified period of time

420

(1)

73.9 Talking about past habitual actions

421

(1)

73.10 Talking about actions which were taking place when something else happened

422

(1)

73.11 Describing past events which occurred before another past event or situation

423

(1)

73.12 Expressing possibility, probability or uncertainty with regard to something in the past

423

(3)

Appendix: Table of common irregular verbs

426

(6)

Bibliography

432

(1)

Index of words and topics

433

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Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials