Modernising Education in Britain and China: Comparative Perspectives on Excellence and Social Inclusion

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ISBN: 9780415298070 | 0415298075
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/4/2003

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Modernizing Education in Britain and Chinaprovides an insightful perspective on inclusive educational reform in two different cultures. This comparative study examines a broad range of educational environments, from kindergartens to teacher training colleges. Primarily concerned with the question of inclusion, the book also addresses issues of language and communication, gender imbalances and inequalities, curricula for teacher education, critical questioning and frameworks for learning support.

List of illustrations, figures and tables

Acknowledgements

xii

Preface: two dragons

xiii

Dragon One, 1988: The International Special Education

Conference, Beijing

xiii

Lessons in selection

xvi

Introduction

(8)

Education in Britain in the late 1980's

(1)

Education in China in the late 1980's

(2)

Structure of the book

(4)

PART 1

Contexts

(70)

Chapter 1 Modernisation, social justice and educational reform in Britain and China

(26)

Case study 1 Changning District Special School, Shanghai

(9)

Chapter 2 Formalities

(28)

Case study 2 Zhi Ling Special School, Guangzhou

(9)

Chapter 3 The journey of an educational idea

(14)

PART 2

Childhood

(34)

Case study 3

1 Nanjing Normal University

(4)

2 Jiangsu kindergarten for deaf children

(5)

Case study 4

1 Hangzhou University Child Development Centre

(5)

2 Da Shi Zhi Xiang Special School, Hangzhou

(5)

Case study 5

1 Nanjing 'experimental' kindergarten

100

(3)

2 Shanghai Weigi kindergarten

103

(1)

3 Childhood, modernisation and social inclusion

104

(9)

PART 3

Teacher education

113

(44)

Case study 6

1 Shanghai Municipal Education Commission

115

(8)

2 Higher Education for teachers at East China Normal University (ECNU)

123

(7)

Case study 7

1 Local authority policy document on inclusion in elementary schools,1997

130

(4)

2 Implementing the policy in an elementary school

134

(2)

3 Shanghai's compulsory inservice course for mainstream teachers

136

(4)

Case study 8

Learning in regular classes: including 'mentally retarded' children in two Shanghai elementary schools

140

(17)

PART 4

Language, culture and institutional reform

157

(28)

Case study 9

1 An Ting Normal School, Shanghai

159

(5)

2 Crazy English (Chinese film)

164

(6)

Case study 10

1 New roles for educators: some consequences of Normal School reform

170

(3)

2 Nanjing Special Education Normal School

173

(4)

Case study 11

Limingjie Special School, Jinan

177

(8)

PART 5

Discussion

185

(2)

Chapter 4 Language, citizenship and identities

187

(18)

Case study 12

Shenzhen Yuanping special school

199

(6)

Chapter 5 Questions are critical

205

(22)

Case study 13

Cleves Primary School, Newham

218

(9)

Chapter 6 Return journeys

227

(12)

Conclusion

239

(6)

Dragon Two, 2000

245

(4)

The International Special Education Congress,Manchester

245

(2)

A pendulum phenomenon in education: my experiences of schooling and my son's

247

Huang Zhicheng

Appendix: National policy document on including more students in mainstream schools

249

(5)

References

254

(9)

Index

263

1402011326

Preface

xiii

List of Symbols

1 INTRODUCTION

(83)

1.1 Rainfall-Runoff Modeling

(1)

1.2 Catchment Characteristics

(2)

1.2.1 Catchment Length, Width, and slope

(1)

1.2.2 Catchment Area

(1)

1.2.3 Catchment Shape

(1)

1.2.4 Catchment Relief

(1)

1.2.5 Linear Measures

(1)

1.2.6 Drainage Patterns

(1)

1.3 Precipitation

(27)

1.3.1 Quantitative Description of Rainfall

(1)

1.3.2 Temporal and Spatial Variation of Rainfall

(1)

1.3.3 Average Rainfall over an Area

(2)

1.3.4 Rainfall Storm Analysis

(23)

1.4 Interception

(1)

1.5 Surface Detention and Depression Storage

(1)

1.6 Evaporation

(11)

1.6.1 Water Budget Method

(1)

1.6.2 Mass Transfer Method

(2)

1.6.3 Energy Budget Method

(1)

1.6.4 Combination Method

(2)

1.6.5 Pan Evaporation

(1)

1.6.6 Evapotranspiration

(4)

1.7 Infiltration

(14)

1.7.1 Mechanism of Water Retention by Soil

(1)

1.7.2 Retention Curves

(1)

1.7.3 Darcy's Law

(1)

1.7.4 Transport of Soil Moisture

(3)

1.7.5 Measurement of Infiltration

(1)

1.7.6 Conceptual Infiltration Models

(5)

1.7.7 Infiltration Indices

(2)

1.8 Runoff

(9)

1.8.1 Modes of Runoff Generation

(2)

1.8.2 Runoff Concentration

(1)

1.8.3 Time of Concentration

(2)

1.8.4 Lag Time

(2)

1.8.5 Flow in Stream Channels

(1)

1.8.6 Rating Curve

(1)

1.8.7 Antecedent Moisture

(1)

1.9 Determination of Runoff Hydrograph

(12)

1.9.1 Unit Hydrograph (UH)

(4)

1.9.2 Channel and Reservoir Routing

(8)

1.10 Scope of the SCS-CN Concept in Hydrology

(4)

1.10.1 Computation of Infiltration and DSRO Volumes

(1)

1.10.2 Computation of Infiltration Rates

(1)

1.10.3 Time-Distributed Event-Based Hydrologic Simulation

(2)

1.10.4 Long-Term Hydrologic Simulation

(1)

1.10.5 Transport of Urban Pollutants

(1)

1.10.6 Sediment Yield

(1)

1.11 Organization of the Book

(1)

2. SCS-CN METHOD

(63)

2.1 Historical Background

(1)

2.1.1 Experimental Watersheds and Infiltration Studies

(1)

2.1.2 Development of Rainfall-Runoff Methods

(1)

2.2 SCS-CN Method

(3)

2.3 Factors Affecting CN

(17)

2.3.1 Soil Type

(4)

2.3.2 Land Use

(6)

2.3.3 Hydrologic Condition

(1)

2.3.4 Agricultural Management Practices

100

(1)

2.3.5 Antecedent Moisture Condition

101

(3)

2.3.6 Initial Abstraction and Climate

104

(1)

2.3.7 Rainfall intensity and Duration and Turbidity

105

(1)

2.4 Determination of Curve Number

105

(3)

2.4.1 Development of CN for Complexes

108

(1)

2.4.2 Rationale of Curve Number

108

(1)

2.5 Use of NEH-4 Tables for SCS-CN Application

108

(6)

2.6 Sensitivity Analysis

114

(15)

2.6.1 First-Order Sensitivity Analysis

115

(3)

2.6.2 Conventional Analysis

118

(11)

2.7 Advantages and Limitations of the SCS-CN Method

129

(1)

2.8 SCS-CN Application to Distributed Watershed Modeling

130

(17)

2.8.1 Availability of Data

130

(1)

2.8.2 Moglen Method

131

(5)

2.8.3 Advantages and Limitations of the Moglen Method

136

(1)

2.8.4 Modified Moglen Method

136

(7)

2.8.5 Features of the Modified Moglen Method

143

(2)

2.8.6 Advantages and Limitations of the Modified Moglen Method

145

(2)

3. ANALYTICAL DERIVATION OF THE SCS-CN METHOD

147

(58)

3.1 Early Rainfall-Runoff Methods

147

(2)

3.2 Analytical Derivation of the Mockus and Other Methods

149

(4)

3.2.1 Derivation of Mockus Method

149

(2)

3.2.2 Derivation of Zoch Model

151

(1)

3.2.3 Derivation of Depression and Interception Storage Models

152

(1)

3.3 Generalization of the SCS-CN Method

153

(14)

3.3.1 Generalization of the Mockus Method

153

(1)

3.3.2 Statistical Derivation of the SCS-CN Method

154

(5)

3.3.3 SCS-CN Derivation From the First-Order Hypothesis

159

(1)

3.3.4 Derivation of SCS-CN Proportional Equality

160

(1)

3.3.5 Non-Linear Derivation of SCS-CN Method

161

(2)

3.3.6 SCS-CN Derivation Including Initial Abstraction

163

(2)

3.3.7 Development of an Initial Abstraction Model

165

(2)

3.4 Implication of Generalization of the Mockas Method

167

(1)

3.4.1 Modification of the SCS-CN Method

167

(1)

3.4.2 General Form of SCS-CN Model

167

(1)

3.5 Characteristics of the SCS-CN and Mockus Methods

168

(11)

3.5.1 Mockus Method

168

(1)

3.5.2 SCS-CN Method

169

(1)

3.5.3 Numerical Comparison of Methods

170

(3)

3.5.4 Models Performance on Field Data

173

(6)

3.6 Functional Behaviour of the Existing and Modified SCS-CN Methods

179

(7)

3.6.1 Existing SCS-CN Method

179

(5)

3.6.2 Modified SCS-CN Method

184

(2)

3.7 Significance of the Proportional Equality

186

(5)

3.7.1 Soil Porosity

187

(1)

3.7.2 Proportional Equality

187

(1)

3.7.3 Significance of CN

188

(2)

3.7.4 Another Interpretation of S-CN Mapping Relation

190

(1)

3.8 Antecedent Moisture Conditions

191

(9)

3.8.1 Variation of CN With AMC

194

(2)

3.8.2 CN Derivation From Rainfall-Runoff Data

196

(4)

3.9 SCS-CN Concept as an Alternative to Power Law

200

(5)

4. DETERMINATION OF 'S' USING VOLUMETRIC CONCEPT

205

(39)

4.1 Analytical Derivation

205

(20)

4.1.1 Equivalence Between SCS-CN Proportionality and C=Sr Concepts

206

(1)

4.1.2 Effect of Antecedent Moisture Condition

207

(2)

4.1.3 Effect of Initial Abstraction

209

(6)

4.1.4 Effect of Fc

215

(6)

4.1.5 Effect of Storm Duration, Rainfall Intensity, and Turbidity

221

(3)

4.1.6 Effect of Agricultural Management Practices

224

(1)

4.2 Verification of Existing AMC Criteria

225

(1)

4.3 Determination of S

226

(3)

4.3.1 Homogeneous Gauged Watersheds

226

(1)

4.3.2 Heterogeneous Gauged Watersheds

227

(1)

4.3.3 Ungauged Watersheds

228

(1)

4.4 Use of NEH-4 Tables

229

(14)

4.4.1 Workability of Model 4

229

(3)

4.4.2 Inverse Computation of Fc From NEH-4 CN-Values

232

(3)

4.4.3 Verification of AMCCriteria For Fc-Values

235

(1)

4.4.4 Applicability of NEH-4 Tables to Existing and General Models

235

(4)

4.4.5 Condensation of NEH-4 Table

239

(4)

4.5 Advantages and Limitations of the Modified Model

243

(1)

5. DETERMINATION OF 'S' USING PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES

244

(34)

5.1 Fokker-Planck Equation Of Infiltration

245

(6)

5.2 Description of S

251

(14)

5.2.1 Use of S5 And Kh

251

(1)

5.2.2 Use of h-0 And W-0 Relations

252

(10)

5.2.3 Use of Intrinsic Sorptivity

262

(1)

5.2.4 Vertical Infiltration

263

(2)

5.2.5 Kinematic Wave

265

(1)

5.3 S/P Relations for the Modified Model

265

(9)

5.3.1 Effect of Fc On Si

267

(1)

5.3.2 Effect of M On Si

268

(5)

5.3.3 Effect of N On Si

273

(1)

5.3.3 Effect of P On Si

274

(1)

5.4 Determination of D5 From Universal Soil Loss Equation

274

(4)

6. INFILTRATION AND RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH SIMULATION

278

(45)

6.1 SCS-CN-Based Infiltration and Runoff Models

278

(4)

6.2 Application Of Infiltration and Runoff Models

282

(41)

6.2.1 Infiltration Data

282

(1)

6.2.2 Ars Watersheds

282

(1)

6.2.3 Error Criteria for simulation

283

(1)

6.2.4 Model Application to Infiltration Data

284

(7)

6.2.5 Model Application to Rainfall-Runoff Data

291

(32)

7. LONG-TERM HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION

323

(37)

7.1 SCS-CN-Based Hydrologic Models

324

(12)

7.1.1 Williams-Laseur Model

324

(5)

7.1.2 Hawkins Model

329

(4)

7.1.3 Pandit and Gopalakrishnan Model

333

(1)

7.1.4 Mishra et al. Model

334

(2)

7.2 Simulation Using the Modified SCS-CN Model

336

(10)

7.2.1 Rainfall-Excess Computation

336

(1)

7.2.2 Soil Moisture Budgeting

336

(1)

7.2.3 Computation of Evapotranspiration

337

(1)

7.2.4 Catchment Routing

338

(1)

7.2.5 Baseflow Computation

338

(8)

7.3 Application of the Modified SCS-CN Model

346

(10)

7.3.1 Parameter Estimation

346

(1)

7.3.2 Model Calibration and Validation

347

(1)

7.3.3 Volumetric statistic

348

(5)

7.3.4 Effect of Storm Duration on Model Parameters

353

(1)

7.3.5 Sensitivity Analysis

354

(2)

7.4 Application of the Variations of the Modified SCS-CN Model

356

(4)

8. TRANSPORT OF URBAN POLLUTANTS

360

(76)

8.1 Heavy Metals

361

(1)

8.2 Metal Partitioning

362

(2)

8.3 Metal Transport

364

(5)

8.3.1 Rating Curves In Open Channel Hydraulics

364

(3)

8.3.2 Governing Flow and Metal Transport Equations of Equivalent Mass Depth of Flow

367

(1)

8.3.4 Relation Between Concentration and Equivalent Mass Depth

368

(1)

8.4 SCS-CN Analogy for Metal Partitioning

369

(5)

8.5 Application of Wave Analogy

374

(26)

8.5.1 Experimental Watershed

374

(1)

8.5.2 Development of Looped Mass Rating Curves

374

(5)

8.5.3 Process of Mixing of Metals With Rainfall

379

(2)

8.5.4 Development of Normal Mass Rating Curves

381

(8)

8.5.5 Wave Analysis

389

(6)

8.5.6 Determination of Potential Mass Depth of Flow

395

(1)

8.5.7 Limitations of Wave Analogy

396

(4)

8.6 Application of the SCS-CN Analogy To Metal Partitioning in the Rainfall-Runoff Environment

400

(8)

8.6.1 Derivation of Kd And PCN

400

(5)

8.6.2 Relations Between and Chemical Characteristics of Rainfall

405

(1)

8.6.3 Relation Between IF and

406

(1)

8.6.4 Relation Between ADP and

407

(1)

8.7 Application of the SCS-CN Analogy To Metal Partitioning in the Snowmelt Environment

408

(10)

8.7.1 Snowmelt Water Quality Data

408

(5)

8.7.2 Metal Partitioning in Snowmelt Medium

413

(1)

8.7.3 Relation of PCN And Ka With the Medium Characteristics

414

(4)

8.7.4 PCN-and Kd-Based Ranking Of Metals

418

(1)

8.8 Application of the SCS-CN Analogy To Metal Partitioning in the Riverflow Environment

418

(5)

8.8.1 Don River Flow and Water Quality Data

418

(1)

8.8.2 Metal Partitioning in River Flow system

419

(3)

8.8.3 Relation Between Partitioning Parameters and Medium Characteristics

422

(1)

8.9 P/CN-Based Characterization of Media

423

(1)

8.10 Determination of Annual Pollutant Loads

424

(10)

8.10.1 NPDES Permit

424

(1)

8.10.2 Dry-and Wet-Weather Conditions

425

(1)

8.10.3 Methodology for Estimation of Annual Loads

425

(3)

8.10.4 Application Results

428

(6)

8.11 Summary

434

(2)

9. SEDIMENT YIELD

436

(21)

9.1 Computation of Sediment Yield

437

(2)

9.2 Analytical Derivation

439

(7)

9.2.1 Coupling of SCS-CN Method With USLE

440

(6)

9.3 Application

446

(11)

9.3.1 Study Areas

446

(1)

9.3.2 Discussion of Results

447

(10)

Appendix A: SCS-CN Theory for S Including Ia

457

(6)

Appendix B: Marquardt Algorithm

463

(5)

Appendix C: Analytical Derivation For Wave Characteristics

468

(11)

Appendix D: Universal Soil Loss Equation

479

(2)

References

481

(19)

Author Index

500

(5)

Subject Index

505

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Modernising Education in Britain and China: Comparative Perspectives on Excellence and Social Inclusion

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Table of Contents

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