Monitoring for a Sustainable Tourism Transition : The Challenge of Developing and Using Indicators

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ISBN: 9780851990514 | 0851990517
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 1/5/2006

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Sustainable tourism is not a static target, but a dynamic process of change, a transition. This book considers how monitoring using indicators can assist tourism to make such a sustainability transition. It encourages the reader to view tourism from a broad, interdisciplinary perspective and draws on material from a wide range of sources. The book explains why monitoring is important for different groups of stakeholders; public and private sector, NGOs and communities. It also examines important monitoring considerations such as what and where to measure, how much will monitoring cost and how the data can be presented. The book puts particular emphasis on indicator use and implementation. It highlights the process and techniques to develop and use indicators and then provides clear and detailed examples of monitoring in practice around the globe at different geographic scales.

Contributors	p. xi
Acknowledgements	p. xv
List of Boxes	p. xvii
List of Figures	p. xxi
List of Abbreviations	p. xxiii
Foreword	p. xxvii
Introduction	p. xxix
Introduction to Sustainability	p. 1
Sustainable Development	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Historical Context	p. 4
Conservation and environmentalism	p. 4
Development debate	p. 5
From Rio to Johannesburg	p. 7
Sustainability Revised	p. 8
Complex adaptive systems	p. 10
Global change	p. 13
Applications for sustainable development	p. 15
Sustainability Science	p. 17
Adaptive management	p. 19
Stakeholder participation	p. 21
Monitoring	p. 23
Summary	p. 25
Sustainable Tourism	p. 27
Introduction	p. 27
Historical Context	p. 28
Advocacy	p. 28
Cautionary	p. 29
Alternative	p. 31
Knowledge-based	p. 33
Current Conceptualization of Sustainable Tourism	p. 35
Sectoral scale	p. 35
Spatial scale	p. 37
Temporal scale	p. 41
Reconceptualizing Sustainable Tourism	p. 43
Comprehensive approach	p. 43
Stakeholder-driven	p. 45
Adaptive	p. 46
Summary	p. 47
Motivations for Monitoring	p. 51
Private Sector Drivers	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Does Industry Have a Moral Responsibility to Promote Sustainability?	p. 54
Is There a Business Case for Sustainability?	p. 59
Consumers	p. 60
Technological development	p. 64
Public relations benefits	p. 66
Ecoefficiency	p. 67
Improve market conditions	p. 69
The Role of the Finance Industry in Promoting Sustainability	p. 70
Summary	p. 76
Public Sector Drivers	p. 79
Introduction	p. 79
How does Monitoring Assist Government?	p. 79
Improve understanding	p. 81
Track progress	p. 82
Initiate dialogue	p. 83
Develop partnerships	p. 84
Effect on policy	p. 85
How does Monitoring Assist NGOs?	p. 86
Conducting assessment	p. 88
Advocacy and campaigning	p. 89
Resisting criticism	p. 90
How does Monitoring Assist Communities?	p. 92
Who are the community?	p. 92
Limits to community involvement	p. 94
Enabling community involvement	p. 99
Summary	p. 101
Monitoring Process	p. 105
Monitoring Using Indicators	p. 107
Introduction	p. 107
Origins of Monitoring	p. 108
Monitoring in a tourism context	p. 110
Indicator Considerations	p. 113
What to measure	p. 113
What type of indicators?	p. 114
How to organize indicators	p. 116
Where to measure	p. 118
How much does it cost?	p. 121
How is the data presented?	p. 122
Evaluation	p. 125
Summary	p. 126
Developing Indicators	p. 129
Introduction	p. 129
Planning for Indicator Development	p. 130
Phases of development	p. 130
Arrangements for stakeholder participation	p. 134
Scoping Issues	p. 137
Secondary sources	p. 138
Community visioning	p. 139
Analysis of key issues	p. 142
Identifying Indicators	p. 143
Developing an indicator long list	p. 143
Screening indicators	p. 144
Summary	p. 150
Implementing Monitoring Systems	p. 151
Introduction	p. 151
Piloting Indicators	p. 152
Indicator fine-tuning	p. 152
Data collection	p. 153
Interpreting Results	p. 155
Benchmarking	p. 157
Indices and aggregation	p. 160
Communication	p. 163
Indicator Use	p. 165
Implementation framework	p. 166
Management response strategy	p. 167
Review and evaluation	p. 170
Maintaining the Monitoring Programme	p. 171
Summary	p. 172
Introduction to Case Studies	p. 175
The World Tourism Organization	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Background to WTO Monitoring	p. 178
Indicator Development Process	p. 180
WTO Indicators	p. 183
WTO Implementation: Cases	p. 189
Beruwala, Sri Lanka	p. 190
Kukljica, Croatia	p. 194
Evaluation	p. 195
Summary	p. 199
Tourism Optimization Management Model	p. 201
Introduction	p. 201
Background	p. 202
The TOMM Project	p. 203
The TOMM Development Process	p. 205
Context analysis	p. 206
Monitoring programme	p. 209
Management response system	p. 214
TOMM Results	p. 218
TOMM Implementation	p. 219
Institutional arrangements and management structure	p. 219
Funding	p. 221
Evaluation	p. 223
Committing to ongoing integration of data	p. 224
Creating and maintaining awareness	p. 225
Creating opportunities for the development of skills capacity and social capital	p. 226
Lessons Learned	p. 227
Summary	p. 227
Samoa Sustainable Tourism Indicator Project	p. 233
Introduction	p. 233
Context	p. 234
The South Pacific	p. 234
Samoa	p. 235
Indicator Project	p. 239
PAC	p. 239
Sustainable tourism in a Samoan context	p. 241
Samoan-style indicators	p. 244
Results of Samoa monitoring	p. 250
Evaluation and Review	p. 253
Process	p. 253
Indicators	p. 254
Outcomes	p. 255
Current status	p. 256
Lessons Learned	p. 256
Summary	p. 258
The Tour Operators' Initiative for Sustainable Development	p. 261
Introduction	p. 261
Background to the Scheme	p. 262
Development of the Scheme	p. 265
Product management and development	p. 266
Internal management	p. 268
Supply chain management	p. 270
Customer relations	p. 273
Cooperation with destinations	p. 275
Implementation and Evaluation	p. 276
Summary	p. 279
Acknowledgements	p. 280
Conclusion	p. 281
Commentary on Guiding Principles	p. 282
Discussion of Monitoring and Indicators	p. 286
Further Avenues to Explore	p. 288
Final Summary	p. 290
References	p. 293
Index	p. 321
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Monitoring for a Sustainable Tourism Transition : The Challenge of Developing and Using Indicators

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