The Moral Media: How Journalists Reason About

The Moral Media is designed to provide readers with preliminary answers to questions about ethical thinking in a professional environment. It serves as a beginning on which other scholars can build.

Preface

xi

PART I: UNDERSTANDING JOURNALISTS' RESPONSES TO MORAL QUESTIONS

Moral Development Theory: A Historical Approach

3

(16)

Its Beginnings and Its Link to Moral Philosophy

3

(4)

The Central Contributions of Lawrence Kohlberg

7

(3)

How to Influence a Critic

10

(4)

Contemporary Insights: Important Issues for Reflection

14

(3)

The Present Effort: The Research Questions

17

(2)

Methods: Multiple Approaches to Asking Questions

19

(13)

The Survey: Borrowing and Expanding on the Psychological Tradition

19

(4)

Deciding Whom to Study

23

(5)

Putting on the Pressure: The Need for Experiments

28

(2)

A Word About Race

30

(2)

Context and Results: The Defining Issues Test

32

(14)

Theoretically Informed Application

32

(5)

Journalists' Ethical Reasoning

37

(7)

Conclusions: How to Build Better Journalists

44

(2)

Moral Development: In Their Own Words

46

(23)

Thinking About Hidden Cameras: Legality, Role, and Ends

46

(10)

Seeing Connections: Children, Emotion, and Journalistic Ends

56

(3)

Stakeholders Move to the Foreground of Thought

59

(5)

Universal Principles Combine in Thinking

64

(5)

PART II: THE STRUGGLE TO THINK DEEPLY---PICTURES, DECEPTION, AND PERSUASION

What's a Picture Worth When it Comes to Ethical Reasoning?

69

(13)

Pictures are Powerful for Multiple Reasons

70

(2)

The Effect of Pictures and Emotion

72

(1)

Photos, Experiments, and Their Results

73

(3)

Pictures and Stakeholders: Moral weight for the Subjects of News Accounts

76

(2)

Emotional Response Doesn't Necessarily Boost Ethical Thinking

78

(3)

The Theoretical Implications: Pictures Can Aid Ethical Thinking

81

(1)

Ethical Reasoning and the Color Bind

82

(10)

The Origins of Stereotypes

83

(1)

Stereotyping Happens Automatically

84

(1)

Race in Other Kinds of Reasoning

85

(1)

The Issue of Social Issues

86

(1)

The Study's Design

87

(1)

The Results: Race Matters

88

(4)

The Ethics of Journalistic Deception

92

(22)

Seow Ting Lee

Definitions and Philosophical Approaches

92

(3)

What is Journalistic Deception?

95

(3)

What Journalists Say About Deception

98

(1)

Assessment of Journalistic Deception

99

(1)

Issues in Context: Responses to Scenarios

100

(12)

Education, Ombudsmen, and Codes of Ethics: A Lost Cause?

112

(2)

Advertising Practitioners Respond: The News Is Not Good

114

(13)

Anne Cunningham

Ethics in Advertising: Past Research

115

(2)

Study Design: The Advertising Variation

117

(1)

Who the Respondents Were and What They Said

118

(4)

What Does This Mean for the Industry?

122

(5)

PART III: IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHERS, SCHOLARS, AND PROFESSIONALS

Teaching Journalists About Ethics: What This Study Suggests

127

(6)

Is It Futile?

127

(2)

But What Should Be Taught?

129

(2)

And Why Does it Matter?

131

(2)

Theory: A Moving Target

133

(10)

Interdisciplinary Work: Thinking Through Implications at the Discipline's Edge

133

(1)

The Implications of Visuals: A New Tool for Moral Thinking

133

(2)

The Implications for Professional Journalists: Moral Thinking Happens

135

(4)

The Implications for Philosophy: Multiple Universal Principles and Differential Moral Weight

139

(4)

Appendix

143

(6)

References

149

(10)

Author Index

159

(4)

Subject Index

163

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The Moral Media: How Journalists Reason About Ethics

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials