Moral Philosophy Theories and Issues

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ISBN: 9780534526481 | 0534526489
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 4/15/2002

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Part 1: MORAL THEORY. 1. Morality and Moral Reasoning. 2. Morality and Religion. 3. Nonobjective Moral Theories. 4. Psychological Egoism and Moral Egoism. 5. The Good Life and the Good Person. 6. Utilitarianism. 7. Kantian Moral Theory. 8. Natural Law Theory. 9. Moral Duties and Moral Rights. 10. Feminist Moral Theory. Part 2: MORAL ISSUES. 11. Morality and Sex. 12. Causing Death: Abortion, Suicide and Euthanasia. 13. Crime and Punishment. 14. Economic Justice. 15. Racism and Affirmative Action. 16. Morality and War. 17. Morality and the Environment.

Preface

xvi

Morality and Moral Reasoning

Introduction

(1)

Moral Judgment

(1)

Moral Argument

(1)

Arguments

(3)

Validity and Inductive Strength

(2)

Soundness

(1)

Cogency

(1)

Moral Arguments (Reasons)

(2)

Moral Claims

(1)

Moral Principles

(1)

Evaluating Moral Arguments

(9)

Are the Nonmoral Claims True or Plausible?

(1)

Are the Moral Principles Reasonable?

(1)

Morality and Law

(1)

Impartiality and the Moral Point of View

(1)

Universality

(1)

Absolute Principles

(1)

Qualified Versus Unqualified Moral Principles

(1)

Justification Chains and Basic Moral Principles

(2)

Are Basic Moral Principles Arbitrary?

(1)

Who Am I (Who Are You) to Say What's Right and Wrong?

(1)

Justifying Basic Moral Principles

(10)

Justifying Basic Principles as God's Commandments

(1)

Justifying Basic Moral Principles by Appealing to a Divine Observer

(1)

Justifying Basic Principles as Self-Evident

(3)

Justifying Basic Principles by Appeal to Moral Perception

(1)

Justifying Basic Principles by Appeal to the Function of Morality

(1)

Justifying Basic Principles by Appealing to Agreement

(2)

Justifying Basic Principles by Appealing to Hypothetical Social Contracts

(2)

Justifying Basic Principles by Appealing to Natural Laws

(1)

Morality and Self-Interest: Why Be Moral?

(2)

Exercises

(2)

Morality and Religion

(15)

Introduction: No Morality Without Religion?

(1)

Religion and Moral Motivation

(1)

Divine Sources of Moral Knowledge and Authority

(1)

Moral Principles and God's Laws

(3)

The Divine Command Theory of Morality

(3)

Two Versions of the Divine Command Theory

(1)

Problems for the Divine Command Theory

(2)

Religion and the Moral Life

(5)

Human Nature and Evil

(1)

Is the Universe Moving Toward Justice?

(1)

God's Nature

(1)

Religion and Human Equality

(1)

Religion and Life's Meaning

(2)

Exercises

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Nihilism, Relativism, and Subjectivism

(20)

Moral Objectivism

(5)

Moral Objectivism and Moral Knowledge

(1)

Possible Sources of Moral Knowledge

(1)

Moral Nihilism

(4)

Moral Relativism

(5)

Does Cultural Relativism Entail Moral Relativism?

(1)

What If No One Can Prove Who's Correct in a Moral Dispute?

(1)

Isn't Tolerance a Virtue and Doesn't Moral Relativism Show That We Should be Tolerant?

(1)

Shouldn't People Conform to the Moral Code of Their Society?

(1)

Can a Relativist Have Any Moral Beliefs?

(1)

Relativism and Moral Inquiry

(1)

Moral Subjectivism

(2)

Reasons Supporting Moral Subjectivism

(1)

Problems for Moral Subjectivism

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Psychological Egoism and Moral Egoism

(13)

Commonsense Morality

(1)

Psychological Egoism

(4)

Moral Egoism

(7)

Moral Egoism and the Common Good

(1)

Moral Egoism and Universality

(1)

Moral Egoism and Social Harmony

(2)

Modified Moral Egoism

(2)

Short-Term Versus Long-Term Self-Interest

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Utilitarianism

(15)

Act Utilitarianism

(6)

Objections to Act Utilitarianism

(1)

Negative Act Utilitarianism

(1)

Act Utilitarianism Ignores the Distribution of Happiness

(1)

Act Utilitarianism Ignores Duties

(1)

Act Utilitarianism Requires Too Much Calculating to Apply

(1)

Rule Utilitarianism

(2)

Advantages to Rule Utilitarianism

(1)

An Objection to Rule Utilitarianism

(1)

Problems for All Versions of Utilitarianism

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Kantian Moral Theory

(16)

Kant and the Good Will

(2)

Actions and Maxims

(2)

The Categorical Imperative

(5)

Universal Law Formulation

(1)

Maxims and Universal Laws

100

(1)

Inconsistencies in Willing That a Maxim Becomes a Universal Law

100

(4)

Duties Derived from the Categorical Imperative

104

(1)

The Categorical Imperative: ``Respect for People'' Formulation

104

(3)

Exercises

107

(2)

Suggested Readings

109

(1)

Internet Resource

109

(1)

Virtue and Vice

110

(35)

Introduction

110

(2)

Which Are the Virtues, Which Are the Vices?

112

(9)

Examples of Virtue and Vice from History and Literature

112

(4)

Compassion

116

(1)

Courage

116

(1)

Self-Control/Self-Discipline

117

(2)

Arrogance

119

(1)

Selfishness/Self-Absorption

119

(1)

Responsibility

120

(1)

Theories of Moral Virtue and Vice

121

(11)

Aristotle

121

(1)

Happiness

121

(1)

Flourishing and Human Happiness

122

(3)

Virtue, Vice, and Flourishing

125

(2)

Virtues and Vices as Guides to Action

127

(1)

Epicureans

127

(2)

Stoicism

129

(1)

Hobbes and Hume

130

(2)

The Seven Deadly Sins

132

(1)

Virtues as Dispositions to Obey Moral Rules

132

(2)

Virtue and Vice in Hinduism: Ahimsa

134

(2)

Virtue and Vice in Buddhism

136

(5)

The Dalai Lama

139

(2)

Character and Freedom

141

(1)

Exercises

142

(2)

Suggested Readings

144

(1)

Human Rights

145

(29)

Assaults on Human Dignity

145

(4)

``Untouchables'' (Dalits) in India

145

(1)

Roma (Gypsies)

146

(2)

Child Farmworkers in the United States

148

(1)

Rights

149

(1)

The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights

150

(6)

The Foundation of the Declaration

153

(3)

Classification of Rights

156

(5)

The Meaning of a Right

156

(1)

Rights to Security from Death, Physical Assault, and Physical Abuse

157

(1)

Rights to Equal Protection and Equality Before the Law

157

(1)

Rights to Political Participation

158

(1)

Rights to Liberty or Freedom

159

(2)

John Stuart Mill and the Harm Principle

161

(1)

Feinberg: Four Possible Principles Legitimizing Coercion

162

(4)

The Harm Principle

162

(1)

The Offense Principle

163

(1)

Hard and Soft Paternalism

164

(1)

Legal Moralism

165

(1)

Seven Basic Freedoms

166

(1)

Subsistence Rights

166

(3)

The Right to an Adequate Standard of Living

166

(1)

The Right to Employment

167

(1)

The Right to Just and Favorable Remuneration

167

(1)

The Right to Rest, Leisure, and Reasonable Working Hours

168

(1)

The Right to Education

168

(1)

Justifying Substinence Rights

169

(1)

Exercises

169

(4)

Suggested Readings

173

(1)

Internet Resources

173

(1)

Feminism and Sexual Equality

174

(28)

Patriarchy

174

(1)

First Wave Feminism in the United States

175

(3)

Second Wave Feminism in the United States

178

(2)

The Current State of Women in the United States

180

(1)

Women Outside the United States

181

(3)

Contemporary Feminist Theories: The Third Wave

184

(1)

Liberal Feminism

184

(3)

Reproductive Rights

184

(1)

Equal Opportunity, Care, and the Family

185

(2)

Sexual Harassment

187

(1)

The Ideal of Androgyny

187

(2)

International Documents on Women's Rights

189

(4)

Male Justice Versus Female Care Approaches to Moral Decision Making

193

(1)

Are Justice and Care Approaches Incompatible?

194

(3)

The Case of Killing White Crow

194

(1)

The Case of the Moles and the Porcupine

195

(2)

Why Can't a Man Be More Like a Woman?

197

(1)

Exercises

197

(1)

Suggested Readings

198

(1)

Internet Resources

199

(3)

Interlude: Moral Decision Making

200

(2)

Morality and Sex

202

(13)

Sex Without Marriage

202

(2)

Sex and Happiness

204

(1)

Moral Duties Within Sexual Relationships

205

(1)

The Double Standard

206

(1)

Pornography

206

(2)

Adultery

208

(2)

Prostitution

210

(1)

Homosexuality

211

(2)

Homosexuality and God's Law

211

(1)

Are Homosexual Acts Unnatural?

211

(1)

Does Homosexuality Threaten the Family?

212

(1)

Same-Sex Marriages

213

(1)

Exercises

213

(1)

Suggested Readings

214

(1)

Life and Death Issues

215

(31)

Abortion

215

(14)

Roe v. Wade, 1973

215

(2)

Constitutionality and Morality

217

(1)

The Right-to-Life Position on Abortion

218

(1)

The Most Liberal View on Abortion

218

(1)

Personhood

219

(2)

Voluntariness

221

(2)

Moderate Positions on Abortion

223

(1)

Stage of Development

223

(1)

Reasons for Wanting an Abortion

224

(1)

Infertility Treatments

225

(1)

Sex Selection

225

(1)

Applying Moral Theories to Abortion

226

(1)

Should Abortion Be Legally Permitted?

227

(1)

Public Funding of Abortion

228

(1)

Suicide

229

(7)

Suicide in Ancient Greece and Rome

229

(2)

Suicide and Religion

231

(1)

Suicide and the Possibility of Error

231

(1)

Suicide and Autonomy

232

(1)

Good Reasons for Committing Suicide

232

(1)

Bad Reasons for Committing Suicide

233

(1)

Suicide and the Duty to Minimize Harm to Others

233

(1)

Suicide and Moral Theory

234

(1)

Rights, Duties, and Suicide Preventions

235

(1)

Euthanasia

236

(7)

Impaired Newborns

236

(1)

Irreversible Comas

237

(1)

End-of-Life Cases

238

(1)

Active and Passive Euthanasia

238

(1)

Extraordinary Treatment and Extraordinary Care

239

(1)

Voluntary, Nonvoluntary, and Involuntary Euthanasia

239

(1)

Involuntary Euthanasia

240

(1)

Voluntary Passive Euthanasia

240

(1)

Voluntary Active Euthanasia

241

(1)

Nonvoluntary Passive Euthanasia

242

(1)

Nonvoluntary Active Euthanasia

242

(1)

Exercises

243

(1)

Suggested Readings

244

(2)

Economic Inequality, Poverty, and Equal Opportunity

246

(13)

Is Too Much Economic Inequality Morally Wrong?

247

(5)

The Case for Equality

248

(3)

Arguments Against Equality

251

(1)

Is Poverty in the Midst of Affluence Morally Wrong?

252

(2)

Arguments for Relieving Poverty

252

(2)

Equal Opportunity

254

(1)

Justice, Fairness, and Taxes

255

(2)

Exercises

257

(1)

Suggested Readings

257

(1)

Internet Resources

258

(1)

Racism and Affirmative Action

259

(19)

Introduction

259

(2)

Past American Racism

261

(6)

Remedies for Present Discrimination and the Effects of Past Discrimination

267

(7)

Prohibit Discrimination

267

(2)

Affirmative Action and Preferential Treatment

269

(5)

White American Racism, Revisited

274

(1)

Exercises

275

(1)

Suggested Readings

276

(2)

Crime and Punishment

278

(12)

Criminalizing Behavior

278

(2)

Punishment

280

(1)

What Should We Do?

281

(2)

Capital Punishment

283

(1)

Objections to Capital Punishment

284

(4)

Effectiveness as Deterrence

284

(1)

Moral Considerations

285

(2)

Retribution

287

(1)

Moral Theory and Capital Punishment

288

(1)

Exercises

288

(1)

Suggested Readings

289

(1)

Internet Resource

289

(1)

War and Peace

290

(16)

Introduction

290

(1)

Peace

291

(5)

Pacifism

292

(1)

Mohandas K. Gandhi

293

(3)

The Just War Tradition

296

(8)

Declaration by Competent Authority

296

(1)

Just Cause, Self-Defense, and Aggression

297

(1)

Proving Strength and Determination

298

(1)

Preemption

299

(1)

Revolution and Civil War

300

(1)

Third-Party Intervention

301

(1)

Other Conditions of a Just War

301

(3)

Justice in Waging War

304

(1)

Unconventional Weapons

304

(1)

Deterrence

304

(1)

Exercises

304

(1)

Suggested Readings

305

(1)

Ethics and the Environment

306

(23)

Environmental Threats

306

(8)

Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

306

(2)

Who's Responsible?

308

(1)

Ozone Depletion

308

(1)

Air Pollution

309

(1)

Water Pollution

309

(1)

Energy Consumption

310

(1)

Deforestation and Species Loss

310

(1)

Wilderness Preservation

311

(1)

Human Population Growth

312

(2)

International Declarations and Agreements on the Environment

314

(3)

1972 Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment

314

(1)

The 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

315

(2)

Creating a Sustainable Society

317

(2)

Opposition to Sustainability

318

(1)

Applying Moral Theories

318

(1)

Present Versus Future People

319

(1)

Environmental Racism and Justice

319

(2)

Life-Centered Versus Human-Centerered Environmental Ethics

321

(3)

Exercises

324

(1)

Suggested Readings

325

(1)

Internet Resources

326

(3)

Interlude: Thinking About Case Studies

327

(2)

Case Studies in Business Ethics

329

(7)

Case Studies in Public Sector Ethics

336

(9)

Case Studies in Medical Ethics

345

(5)

Case Studies in Interpersonal Ethics

350

(3)

Glossary

353

(2)

Index

355

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Moral Philosophy Theories and Issues

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials