Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary

Detection of drugs at low concentration is required in a variety of biological and medical situations, in order to avoid harmful side effects posed by some drug residues. The book details the instrumentation, detection, and application of nano chromatography (that is, any chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic method dealing with the detection of a sample at nano gram per liter or lower) and capillary electrophoresis in the analyses of biological and environmental samples. Methods discussed include: Nano Gas Chromatography, Nano Capillary Electrophoresis, Nano Chiral Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, and Nano High Performance Liquid Chromatography.

Imran Ali, PhD, is Associate Professor at the Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India. Dr. Ali has published more than 150 scholarly works, including complete books, book and encyclopedia chapters, review articles, research papers, technical reports, and conference presentations.

Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein, PhD, is a Professor at Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. He has published more than 600 articles, including several books and encyclopedia chapters.

Vinod K. Gupta is a Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India. He has published more than 200 articles including book and encyclopedia chapters, review articles, research papers, technical reports, and conference presentations.

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
Introduction	p. 1
Nanoanalyses	p. 1
Definition of Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis	p. 2
Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis	p. 3
Fabrication of Microdevices	p. 4
Developments in Nanoanalyses	p. 6
Data Integration	p. 7
Protocol of Nanoanalyses	p. 10
Scope of the Book	p. 12
Conclusion	p. 12
References	p. 12
Fabrication of Microchips	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Substrates	p. 18
Techniques of Fabrication	p. 20
Glass Chips	p. 22
Quartz Chips	p. 28
Silica Chips	p. 31
Polymer Chips	p. 34
Plastic Chips	p. 36
Chips and the Polymerase Chain Reaction	p. 37
Surface Modification	p. 39
Modification by Polymers	p. 40
Modification by Silica Gel	p. 42
Modification by Monolithics	p. 44
Modification by Sulfonation	p. 44
Designs of Chips	p. 45
Bindings in Chips	p. 49
Conclusion	p. 50
References	p. 51
Instrumentation of Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Nanoliquid Chromatography (NLC)	p. 60
Mobile Phase Reservoirs	p. 62
Mobile Phases and Flow Calibration	p. 62
Mobile Phase Tubings	p. 63
Solvent Delivery Pump	p. 64
Sample Injector	p. 66
Separation Chips	p. 68
Detectors	p. 70
Recorder	p. 71
Sample Preparation Units	p. 72
Nanocapillary Electrophoresis	p. 74
Separation Chip	p. 76
Background Electrolyte and Its Reservoirs	p. 79
Sample Injection Port	p. 79
Detectors	p. 82
Recorder	p. 83
Sample Preparation Units	p. 83
Conclusion	p. 85
References	p. 86
Detection in Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
Mass Spectrometer Detectors	p. 92
Fluorescence Detectors	p. 97
Electrochemical Detectors	p. 99
Element Specific Detectors	p. 101
Miscellaneous Detectors	p. 103
Conclusion	p. 105
References	p. 105
Sample Preparation in Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis	p. 109
Introduction	p. 109
Sample Preparation	p. 111
Sampling	p. 111
Biological Samples	p. 111
Blood	p. 112
Urine	p. 112
Tissues	p. 112
Plants	p. 113
Food Stuffs	p. 113
Environmental Samples	p. 113
Air	p. 113
Water	p. 114
Sediment and Soils	p. 115
Preservation	p. 115
Filtration	p. 116
Digestion/Homogenization	p. 118
Extractions	p. 119
Clean Up	p. 119
Preconcentration	p. 121
Off-Line Nanosample Preparation Methods	p. 121
Nano Solid Phase Extractions	p. 121
Nano Membrane Extractions	p. 123
Nano Miscellaneous Extractions	p. 124
Online Nanosample Preparation Methods	p. 125
Conclusion	p. 138
References	p. 138
Nano-High Performance Liquid Chromatography	p. 145
Introduction	p. 145
Nano-HPLC	p. 146
Applications	p. 146
Nano-HPLC of Biological Matrices	p. 146
Proteomics	p. 147
Drugs Development and Design	p. 151
Environmental Analysis	p. 155
Optimization of Separations in Nano-HPLC	p. 161
Troubleshooting in Nano-HPLC	p. 161
Conclusion	p. 161
References	p. 162
Nanocapillary Electrochromatography and Nanomicellar Electrokinetic Chromatography	p. 167
Introduction	p. 167
Nanocapillary Electrochromatography	p. 167
Biological Samples	p. 168
Environmental Samples	p. 177
Mechanism of Separation	p. 181
Nanomicellar Electrokinetic Chromatography	p. 181
Biological Samples	p. 182
Environmental Samples	p. 184
Mechanisms of Separation	p. 187
Conclusion	p. 188
References	p. 188
Nanocapillary Electrophoresis	p. 191
Introduction	p. 191
Optimization	p. 192
Applications	p. 200
Proteomics	p. 200
Genomics	p. 205
Amino Acids	p. 210
Drug Development and Design	p. 211
Enzymes and Hormones	p. 214
Biological Fluids	p. 218
Foods and Beverages	p. 221
Viruses and Bacteria	p. 224
Explosives	p. 226
Environmental Analyses	p. 228
Miscellaneous Applications	p. 232
Mechanism of Separation	p. 234
Conclusion	p. 234
References	p. 235
Chiral Separations by Nanoliquid Chromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
Nanoliquid Chromatography	p. 246
Nanocapillary Electrophoresis	p. 249
Mechanisms of Chiral Separation	p. 260
Conclusion	p. 261
References	p. 261
Perspectives on Nanoanalyses	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Future of Microfluidic Devices	p. 264
Future Challenges	p. 265
Conclusion	p. 266
References	p. 267
Subject Index	p. 269
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Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis Pharmaceutical and Environmental Analyses

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