Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology
, by NalwaNote: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780125139205 | 0125139209
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 8/31/2001
This concise edition of Hari Singh Nalwa's Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology fills the needs of scientists and students working in chemistry, physics, materials science, electrical engineering, polymer science, surface science, spectroscopy, and biotechnology. This version of the Handbook contains 16 chapters particularly focused on synthesis and fabrication as well as the electrical and optical properties of nanoscale materials. The 5-volume reference Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology, published in October 1999, created widespread interest in researchers in the field of nanotechnology and many of our colleagues expressed interest in a shorter version of our major reference work. The Handbook will serve the objectives of providing state-of-the-art information on many aspects of nanostructured materials and emerging nanotechnology. Presenting the eagerly anticipated concise edition of the classic work of reference in nanostructured materials and nanotechnology Provides comprehensive coverage of the dominant technology of the 21st century Written by a truly international list of contributors
About the Editor | p. xix |
List of Contributors | p. xxi |
Chemical Synthesis of Nanostructured Metals, Metal Alloys, and Semiconductors | |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials | p. 2 |
Physical Methods | p. 3 |
Chemical Methods | p. 4 |
Synthesis of Metals, Intermetallics, and Semiconductors | p. 5 |
Chemical Synthesis of Metals | p. 5 |
Synthesis of Intermetallics | p. 22 |
Synthesis of Semiconductors | p. 34 |
Conclusions | p. 52 |
References | p. 52 |
Nanocomposites Prepared by Sol-Gel Methods: Synthesis and Characterization | |
Introduction | p. 57 |
Nanocomposites Containing Elemental Nanoparticulates | p. 58 |
Group VI Metal Nanocomposites | p. 59 |
Group VIII Metal Nanocomposites | p. 59 |
Group IX Metal Nanocomposites | p. 61 |
Group X Metal Nanocomposites | p. 61 |
Group XI Metal Nanocomposites | p. 63 |
Metal Alloy Nanocomposites | p. 66 |
Group XIV Nanocomposites | p. 67 |
Nanocomposites Containing Nanoparticulate Substances | p. 68 |
Metal Carbide Nanocomposites | p. 68 |
Metal Pnictide Nanocomposites | p. 69 |
Metal Oxide Nanocomposites | p. 70 |
Metal Chalcogenide (S, Se, or Te) Nanocomposites | p. 73 |
Metal Halide Nanocomposites | p. 80 |
Summary | p. 82 |
Acknowledgments | p. 82 |
References | p. 82 |
Low-Temperature Compaction of Nanosize Powders | |
Introduction | p. 93 |
Low-Temperature-High-Pressure Powder Compaction | p. 96 |
Diamond Anvil Pressure Cell | p. 96 |
High-Pressure Compaction with the Piston-Cylinder Device | p. 97 |
Piston-Cylinder Die | p. 98 |
Equipment Configuration | p. 98 |
Computer Control and Software Development | p. 100 |
Compaction and Lubricants | p. 103 |
Compaction of Si[subscript 3]N[subscript 4] Powder | p. 103 |
Compaction of [gamma]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Powder | p. 106 |
Nanosize [gamma]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Powder Processing | p. 114 |
Compaction Equations for Powders | p. 123 |
Conclusions | p. 126 |
References | p. 127 |
Semiconductor Nanoparticles | |
Introduction | p. 130 |
Preparation and Characterization | p. 131 |
Size Control | p. 131 |
Crystalline Phase Control | p. 132 |
Size Quantization Effects | p. 134 |
Nonlinear Optical Properties | p. 135 |
Emission Characteristics | p. 135 |
Trapping of Charge Carriers | p. 136 |
Interfacial Charge Transfer Processes in Colloidal Semiconductor Systems | p. 137 |
Reductive Process | p. 138 |
Oxidative Process | p. 138 |
Kinetics of Interfacial Electron Transfer | p. 139 |
Photocatalytic Applications | p. 141 |
Organic Synthesis | p. 142 |
Fixation of Carbon Dioxide into Organic Compounds | p. 142 |
Reduction of Nitrogen | p. 146 |
Decomposition of Nitrogen Oxides and Their Anions | p. 146 |
Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants | p. 146 |
Surface Modification of Semiconductor Colloids | p. 147 |
Deposition of Metals on Semiconductors | p. 147 |
Capping with Organic and Inorganic Molecules | p. 148 |
Surface Modification with Sensitizing Dyes | p. 150 |
Ultrafast Charge Injection into Semiconductor Nanocrystallites | p. 152 |
Designing Multicomponent Semiconductor Systems | p. 153 |
Ordered Nanostructures using Semiconductor Nanocrystallites and Their Functionality | p. 156 |
Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Semiconductor Films | p. 157 |
Electron Storage and Photo- and Electrochromic Effects | p. 160 |
As a Photosensitive Electrode | p. 161 |
Sensitization of Large-Band-Gap Semiconductors | p. 163 |
Single-Electron Tunneling Devices | p. 165 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 167 |
Acknowledgments | p. 167 |
References | p. 167 |
Colloidal Quantum Dots of III-V Semiconductors | |
Introduction | p. 183 |
Synthesis of Colloidal Quantum Dots | p. 185 |
Synthesis of Colloidal InP Quantum Dots | p. 186 |
Etching of Colloidal InP Quantum Dots with HF | p. 187 |
Synthesis of Colloidal GaP Quantum Dots | p. 187 |
Synthesis of Colloidal GaInP[subscript 2] Quantum Dots | p. 187 |
Properties of III-V Quantum Dots | p. 188 |
InP Quantum Dots | p. 188 |
GaP Quantum Dots | p. 198 |
GaInP[subscript 2] Quantum Dots | p. 200 |
GaAs Quantum Dots | p. 202 |
Summary | p. 203 |
Acknowledgment | p. 203 |
References | p. 203 |
Strained-Layer Heteroepitaxy to Fabricate Self-Assembled Semiconductor Islands | |
Introduction | p. 208 |
Trends in Semiconductor Nanostructures: Smaller in All Dimensions | p. 208 |
Processing: The Good and the Bad | p. 209 |
An Alternative: Self-Assembled Structures | p. 210 |
Outline of the Chapter | p. 211 |
Basics of Heteroepitaxy | p. 211 |
Fundamental Processes during Epitaxy | p. 211 |
Heteroepitaxial Growth Models | p. 213 |
Common Experimental Techniques | p. 215 |
Synthesis Techniques | p. 215 |
Characterization Techniques | p. 216 |
Two-Dimensional Growth and Island Formation Before Transition to Three-Dimensional Growth | p. 217 |
Initial Stages of the Two-Dimensional Layer Formation | p. 218 |
Transition from the Two-Dimensional Layer to Three-Dimensional Islands | p. 220 |
Effects of Surface Reconstruction | p. 223 |
Effects of Surface Orientation | p. 226 |
Three-Dimensional Islands | p. 229 |
Early Work | p. 229 |
Strain Relief from the Islands | p. 230 |
Different Types of Islands | p. 231 |
Impact of Deposition Conditions | p. 233 |
Impact of Surface Orientation | p. 235 |
Controlling the Location of Self-Assembled Islands | p. 236 |
Physical Properties and Applications of Self-Assembled Islands | p. 237 |
Physical Properties: Some Examples | p. 237 |
Self-Assembled Islands in Devices | p. 239 |
Use of Islands to Make Other Nanostructures | p. 240 |
Summary | p. 240 |
Acknowledgment | p. 241 |
References | p. 241 |
Hybrid Magnetic-Semiconductor Nanostructures | |
Introduction | p. 248 |
Electrons in Microscopically Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields | p. 249 |
Magnetic Field Profiles | p. 250 |
One-Dimensional Profiles | p. 250 |
Periodic Structures | p. 253 |
Quantum Motion in Nonhomogeneous Magnetic Fields | p. 255 |
Magnetic Step | p. 256 |
Magnetic Barrier | p. 258 |
Magnetic Quantum Well | p. 261 |
Resonant Tunneling Structures | p. 263 |
Magnetic Dot | p. 265 |
Diffusive Transport of Electrons through Magnetic Barriers | p. 268 |
Theoretical Formalism | p. 269 |
Single Magnetic Barrier | p. 270 |
Magnetic Barriers in Series | p. 272 |
One-Dimensional Magnetic Modulation | p. 273 |
Weak Magnetic Modulation | p. 274 |
Electric and Magnetic Modulations | p. 279 |
Magnetic Minibands | p. 282 |
Two-Dimensional Magnetic Modulation | p. 288 |
Periodic Two-Dimensional Modulation | p. 288 |
A Random Array of Identical Magnetic Disks | p. 289 |
Random Magnetic Fields | p. 290 |
Hall Effect Devices | p. 292 |
Ballistic Hall Magnetometry | p. 293 |
Hall Magnetometry in the Diffusive Regime | p. 297 |
Hybrid Hall Effect Device | p. 301 |
Nonpolarized Current Injection from Semiconductor into Ferromagnets | p. 305 |
Spin Injection Ferromagnetic/Semiconductor Structures | p. 306 |
Spin-Polarized Electronic Current from Ferromagnets | p. 306 |
Optical Detection of Spin-Polarized Tunnel Current | p. 306 |
Spin-Polarized Electronic (Tunnel) Current from Optically Pumped Semiconductors | p. 307 |
Spin-Polarized Current from Magnetic Contacts to Semiconductors | p. 308 |
Ferromagnetic/Semiconductor Experimental Structures | p. 310 |
The Need for Epitaxy | p. 310 |
General Metal Epitaxy Criteria | p. 311 |
Elemental Ferromagnetic Metal Epitaxy on Semiconductors | p. 312 |
Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Ferromagnets at the Ferromagnetic/Semiconductor Interfaces | p. 313 |
Properties of Managanese-Based Epitaxial Magnetic Layers on III-V Semiconductors | p. 314 |
Semiconductor/Ferromagnetic/Semiconductor Multilayers | p. 315 |
Nanoscale Magnets | p. 316 |
Introduction | p. 316 |
Self-Organized Magnetic Nanostructures in Semiconductor Thin Films | p. 316 |
Experimental Conditions for Thin Films with Nanoclusters by Molecular Beam Epitaxy + Annealing | p. 317 |
Superlattices of Nanoscale Magnet Layers and Semiconductors | p. 320 |
Engineering Aspects of Superlattices of Nanoscale Magnet Layers and Semiconductors | p. 320 |
Structural and Magnetic Properties of the Superlattices | p. 320 |
Current Perpendicular to the Plane Magnetotransport | p. 320 |
Conclusions | p. 321 |
Acknowledgments | p. 322 |
References | p. 322 |
Carbon Nanotubes | |
Introduction | p. 329 |
Structure | p. 331 |
Growth | p. 333 |
Synthesis of Nanotubes | p. 333 |
Purification of Nanotubes | p. 338 |
Growth Mechanisms | p. 339 |
Nanotube Properties | p. 340 |
Electronic Properties | p. 340 |
Mechanical Properties | p. 347 |
Other Properties | p. 350 |
Nanotube Templates | p. 350 |
Applications of Nanotubes | p. 353 |
Nanotubes Made from Noncarbon Materials | p. 355 |
Conclusions | p. 356 |
Acknowledgments | p. 357 |
References | p. 357 |
Encapsulation and Crystallization Behavior of Materials Inside Carbon Nanotubes | |
Introduction | p. 362 |
Methods of Opening, Filling, and Purifying Multiple- and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | p. 362 |
Preparation of Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Removal of Extraneous Carbon Material | p. 362 |
Opening and Decarboxylation of Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | p. 364 |
Techniques for Filling Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Some Reactions of the Included Materials | p. 365 |
Chemical Methods for Filling Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | p. 365 |
Filling Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Molten Media | p. 367 |
Arc and Catalytic Methods for Filling Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | p. 372 |
Chemical Reactions inside Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | p. 372 |
Purification of Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes from External Material Following Encapsulation | p. 373 |
Synthesis, Purification and Filling of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | p. 374 |
Methods for Preparing Purified Samples of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | p. 374 |
Filling of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Ruthenium Metal | p. 375 |
Crystallization Behavior inside Multiple- and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | p. 376 |
Control over Crystallite Morphology and Orientation in Multiple- and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | p. 376 |
Spiraling Crystal Growth inside Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | p. 378 |
Crystallization Observed in Catalytically Formed Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | p. 381 |
Relationship between Graphene Wall Periodicity and Crystallization inside Multiple- and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | p. 382 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 384 |
Acknowledgments | p. 384 |
References | p. 384 |
Silicon-Based Nanostructures | |
Introduction | p. 387 |
Optical Properties of Silicon and Related Materials | p. 389 |
General Remarks | p. 389 |
Group IV Heterostructures: Electronic Zone Folding | p. 390 |
The Direct-Gap Material FeSi[subscript 2] as a Silicon-Based Light Emitter | p. 392 |
Erbium-Doped Silicon Light Emitters | p. 394 |
Quantum Confinement | p. 396 |
Two-, One-, and Zero-Dimensional Confinement | p. 396 |
Si-SiGe Quantum Wells | p. 398 |
Porous Silicon | p. 400 |
Postgrowth Nanofabrication by Lithography and Etching | p. 403 |
Self-Organized Growth | p. 412 |
Selective Epitaxial Growth | p. 416 |
V-Groove Growth | p. 419 |
Local Growth of Dots and Wires through Shadow Masks | p. 420 |
Silicon Nanocrystallites | p. 424 |
Si/III-V Light-Emitting Nanotips | p. 429 |
Single-Electron Electronics | p. 432 |
Tips for Atomic Force Microscopy and Field Emission | p. 436 |
Conclusions | p. 438 |
Acknowledgments | p. 438 |
References | p. 439 |
Electronic Transport Properties of Quantum Dots | |
Introduction | p. 445 |
Fabricated Quantum Dots: Vertical and Horizontal Systems | p. 445 |
Impurity Dot System: Coulomb Potential Confinement | p. 447 |
Theory | p. 448 |
Energy States of a Fabricated Quantum Dot | p. 448 |
Energy States of the Impurity Dot | p. 449 |
Current-Voltage Characteristics of Vertical Dot: Fabricated and Impurity Systems | p. 452 |
Sample Growth and Fabrication | p. 453 |
Experimental Results | p. 453 |
Current-Voltage Characteristics | p. 453 |
Variable-Temperature Measurements | p. 455 |
Magnetotunneling Measurements: Diamagnetic Shifts and Current Suppression | p. 458 |
Magnetotunneling Measurements: Fine Structure | p. 465 |
Magnetotunneling Measurements: Spin Splitting and g Factor | p. 469 |
Magnetotunneling Measurements: Electron Tunneling Rates | p. 473 |
Conclusions | p. 480 |
Acknowledgments | p. 481 |
References | p. 481 |
Photorefractive Semiconductor Nanostructures | |
Overview | p. 484 |
Photorefractive Quantum-Well Structures | p. 486 |
Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth of Epilayers, Heterostructures, and Quantum Wells | p. 486 |
Defect Engineering | p. 487 |
Photorefractive Quantum-Well Geometries | p. 493 |
Electronic Transport and Grating Formation | p. 498 |
Dielectric Relaxation Time | p. 498 |
The Two-Band One-Defect Model | p. 499 |
Optical Properties of Photorefractive Multiple Quantum Wells | p. 503 |
Quantum-Confined Excitons | p. 503 |
Excitons in an Electric Field: Electroabsorption | p. 505 |
Kramers-Kronig Relation | p. 507 |
Diffraction | p. 508 |
Raman-Nath Diffraction | p. 508 |
Nondegenerate Four-Wave Mixing | p. 509 |
Two-Wave Mixing | p. 510 |
Photorefractive Effects and Applications | p. 511 |
Dynamics of the Stark Geometry | p. 511 |
Asymmetric Fabry-Perot and Microcavity Effects | p. 522 |
Novel Bandgap Engineering | p. 533 |
Applications of Photorefractive Quantum Wells in Ultrafast (Femtosecond) Optical Communications and Image Processing | p. 541 |
Acknowledgments | p. 558 |
References | p. 559 |
Linear and Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Nanocrystals | |
Introduction | p. 563 |
Energy States and Optical Transitions in Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Theoretical Models | p. 565 |
Parabolic-Band Model | p. 566 |
Effects of Valence-Band Mixing | p. 567 |
Coulomb Effects | p. 572 |
Effects of the Finite Potential Barrier and Nonparabolicity of the Conduction Band | p. 573 |
Experimental Studies of Energy Structures in Semiconductor Nanocrystals | p. 574 |
Energy Gap in Semiconductor Nanocrystals | p. 574 |
Observations of Electron Quantized States | p. 577 |
Studies of Hole Energy Structures | p. 579 |
Fine Structure of the Lowest Exciton State | p. 582 |
Effects of Electron-Phonon Interactions on the Optical Spectra of Semiconductor Nanocrystals | p. 585 |
The Model of a Displaced Oscillator | p. 585 |
Electron-Optical Phonon Interactions | p. 587 |
Electron-Acoustic Phonon Interactions | p. 591 |
Band-Edge Optical Nonlinearities in Semiconductor Nanocrystals | p. 594 |
State-Filling and Optical Nonlinearities | p. 594 |
Coulomb Interactions and Optical Nonlinearities | p. 601 |
Third-Order Nonlinear Susceptibility | p. 605 |
Optical Nonlinearities in Direct- and Indirect-Gap Semiconductor Nanocrystals | p. 608 |
Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductor Nanocrystals | p. 611 |
Intraband Energy Relaxation Dynamics | p. 611 |
Carrier Recombination and Trapping Dynamics | p. 617 |
Auger Recombination in Semiconductor Nanocrystals | p. 625 |
Conclusions and Prospects | p. 634 |
Acknowledgments | p. 635 |
References | p. 636 |
Molecular and Supramolecular Nanomachines | |
Introduction | p. 641 |
Conventional Molecular Systems | p. 643 |
Conformational Change | p. 643 |
Configurational Change | p. 644 |
Constitutional Change | p. 646 |
Supramolecular Systems | p. 651 |
Crown Ethers | p. 651 |
Fluorescent Signaling Systems | p. 653 |
Redox Switches by Ligand Exchange | p. 655 |
Translocation in Helical Complexes | p. 656 |
Photoswitchable Complexation of Metalloporphyrins | p. 657 |
Dendritic Boxes: Ships in a Bottle | p. 658 |
Complexation/Decomplexation of Pseudorotaxanes | p. 659 |
Logic Gates | p. 665 |
Interlocked Molecular Systems | p. 671 |
Switching Properties in Catenanes | p. 671 |
An Electrochemically Controlled Self-Complexing Macrocycle | p. 680 |
Rotaxanes: From Molecular Shuttles to Molecular Switches | p. 681 |
Conclusions and Reflections | p. 686 |
References | p. 688 |
Functional Nanostructures Incorporating Responsive Modules | |
Introduction | p. 693 |
Functional Molecular Structures: General Definition | p. 695 |
Scope and Context of Review | p. 696 |
Rotaxanes and Catenanes: Nomenclature and General Synthetic Methods | p. 697 |
Learning from Nature: Bioactive Modules | p. 700 |
Light-Harvesting Antenna | p. 701 |
Light-Activated Biological Switches | p. 704 |
Overview | p. 706 |
Artificial Systems: Applications and Examples | p. 707 |
Artificial Molecular Systems Based on Rotaxanes, Catenanes, and Cyclophanes | p. 708 |
Photosynthetic Reaction Center Mimics | p. 734 |
Overview | p. 739 |
Miscellaneous Examples | p. 739 |
Ion Expulsion from Crown-Based Assemblies | p. 739 |
Molecular Capture by Conformational Switching | p. 740 |
Structural Modification by Ion Binding | p. 742 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 744 |
Acknowledgments | p. 744 |
References | p. 745 |
Structure, Behavior, and Manipulation of Nanoscale Biological Assemblies | |
Biological Molecules as Nanostructured Materials | p. 749 |
Scanning Probe Microscopy of Nanoscale Biological Assemblies | p. 751 |
Scanning Probe Microscopy | p. 751 |
Scanning Probe Microscopy of Supported Biological Membranes | p. 759 |
DNA Imaging | p. 769 |
Scanning Probe Microscopy of Nucleoprotein Complexes | p. 783 |
Protein-Phospholipid Structures | p. 791 |
Protein-Lipid Complexes | p. 791 |
Morphology and Function of Native Membranes | p. 792 |
Protein-Lipid Interactions | p. 793 |
Nonnative Interactions | p. 796 |
Reconstitution of Integral Membrane Proteins | p. 797 |
Practical Applications of Protein-Lipid Complexes | p. 799 |
Surface-Immobilized Protein Nanostructures | p. 803 |
Oriented Protein Arrays | p. 804 |
Azimuthal Orientation | p. 811 |
Surface Patterning | p. 811 |
Three-Dimensional Protein Nanostructures: Protein Whiskers | p. 813 |
Additional Factors Affecting Nanostructure Architecture | p. 813 |
Characterization of Surface-Immobilized Nanostructures | p. 813 |
Future Directions | p. 815 |
Acknowledgments | p. 815 |
References | p. 815 |
Index | p. 823 |
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