Nanostructures and Nanomaterials : Synthesis, Properties and Applications

, by Cao, Guozhong

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ISBN: 9781860944802 | 1860944809
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 4/30/2004

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Supplemental Materials

Preface

Introduction

(14)

Introduction

(3)

Emergence of Nanotechnology

(3)

Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches

(3)

Challenges in Nanotechnology

(1)

Scope of the Book

(4)

References

(1)

Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces

(36)

Introduction

(2)

Surface Energy

(9)

Chemical Potential as a Function of Surface Curvature

(6)

Electrostatic Stabilization

(10)

Surface charge density

(1)

Electric potential at the proximity of solid surface

(3)

Van der Waals attraction potential

(2)

Interactions between two particles: DLVO theory

(4)

Steric Stabilization

(6)

Solvent and polymer

(2)

Interactions between polymer layers

(2)

Mixed steric and electric interactions

(1)

Summary

(3)

References

(3)

Zero-Dimensional Nanostructures: Nanoparticles

(59)

Introduction

(2)

Nanoparticles through Homogeneous Nucleation

(40)

Fundamentals of homogeneous nucleation

(5)

Subsequent growth of nuclei

(1)

Growth controlled by diffusion

(1)

Growth controlled by surface process

(4)

Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles

(4)

Influences of reduction reagents

(2)

Influences by other factors

(3)

Influences of polymer stabilizer

(2)

Synthesis of semiconductor nanoparticles

(7)

Synthesis of oxide nanoparticles

(1)

Introduction to sol-gel processing

(3)

Forced hydrolysis

(2)

Controlled release of ions

(1)

Vapor phase reactions

(1)

Solid state phase segregation

(4)

Nanoparticles through Heterogeneous Nucleation

(3)

Fundamentals of heterogeneous nucleation

(2)

Synthesis of nanoparticles

(1)

Kinetically Confined Synthesis of Nanoparticles

(5)

Synthesis inside micelles or using microemulsions

(2)

Aerosol synthesis

(1)

Growth termination

(1)

Spray pyrolysis

100

(1)

Template-based synthesis

101

(1)

Epitaxial Core-Shell Nanoparticles

101

(3)

Summary

104

(6)

References

105

(5)

One-Dimensional Nanostructures: Nanowires and Nanorods

110

(63)

Introduction

110

(1)

Spontaneous Growth

111

(32)

Evaporation (dissolution)--condensation growth

112

(1)

Fundamentals of evaporation (dissolution)--condensation growth

112

(7)

Evaporation--condensation growth

119

(4)

Dissolution--condensation growth

123

(4)

Vapor (or solution)--liquid--solid (VLS or SLS) growth

127

(1)

Fundamental aspects of VLS and SLS growth

127

(4)

VLS growth of various nanowires

131

(3)

Control of the size of nanowires

134

(4)

Precursors and catalysts

138

(2)

SLS growth

140

(2)

Stress-induced recrystallization

142

(1)

Template-Based Synthesis

143

(21)

Electrochemical deposition

144

(7)

Electrophoretic deposition

151

(6)

Template filling

157

(1)

Colloidal dispersion filling

158

(2)

Melt and solution filling

160

(1)

Chemical vapor deposition

161

(1)

Deposition by centrifugation

161

(1)

Converting through chemical reactions

162

(2)

Electrospinning

164

(1)

Lithography

165

(3)

Summary

168

(5)

References

168

(5)

Two-Dimensional Nanostructures: Thin Films

173

(56)

Introduction

173

(1)

Fundamentals of Film Growth

174

(4)

Vacuum Science

178

(4)

Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)

182

(7)

Evaporation

183

(2)

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)

185

(1)

Sputtering

186

(2)

Comparison of evaporation and sputtering

188

(1)

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)

189

(10)

Typical chemical reactions

189

(1)

Reaction kinetics

190

(1)

Transport phenomena

191

(3)

CVD methods

194

(3)

Diamond films by CVD

197

(2)

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)

199

(5)

Superlattices

204

(1)

Self-Assembly

205

(8)

Monolayers of organosilicon or alkylsilane derivatives

208

(2)

Monolayers of alkanethiols and sulfides

210

(2)

Monolayers of carboxylic acids, amines and alcohols

212

(1)

Langmuir--Blodgett Films

213

(5)

Electrochemical Deposition

218

(1)

Sol-Gel Films

219

(4)

Summary

223

(6)

References

224

(5)

Special Nanomaterials

229

(48)

Introduction

229

(1)

Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes

230

(8)

Carbon fullerenes

230

(2)

Fullerene-derived crystals

232

(1)

Carbon nanotubes

232

(6)

Micro and Mesoporous Materials

238

(19)

Ordered mesoporous structures

239

(6)

Random mesoporous structures

245

(4)

Crystalline microporous materials: zeolites

249

(8)

Core-Shell Structures

257

(6)

Metal-oxide structures

257

(3)

Metal--polymer structures

260

(1)

Oxide--polymer structures

261

(2)

Organic--Inorganic Hybrids

263

(3)

Class I hybrids

263

(1)

Class II hybrids

264

(2)

Intercalation Compounds

266

(1)

Nanocomposites and Nanograined Materials

267

(1)

Summary

268

(9)

References

269

(8)

Nanostructures Fabricated by Physical Techniques

277

(52)

Introduction

277

(1)

Lithography

278

(13)

Photolithography

279

(4)

Phase-shifting photolithography

283

(1)

Electron beam lithography

284

(3)

X-ray lithography

287

(1)

Focused ion beam (FIB) lithography

288

(2)

Neutral atomic beam lithography

290

(1)

Nanomanipulation and Nanolithography

291

(17)

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

292

(2)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

294

(2)

Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)

296

(2)

Nanomanipulation

298

(5)

Nanolithography

303

(5)

Soft Lithography

308

(6)

Microcontact printing

308

(2)

Molding

310

(1)

Nanoimprint

310

(3)

Dip-pen nanolithography

313

(1)

Assembly of Nanoparticles and Nanowires

314

(7)

Capillary forces

315

(1)

Dispersion interactions

316

(2)

Shear force assisted assembly

318

(1)

Electric-field assisted assembly

318

(1)

Covalently linked assembly

319

(1)

Gravitational field assisted assembly

319

(1)

Template-assisted assembly

319

(2)

Other Methods for Microfabrication

321

(1)

Summary

321

(8)

References

322

(7)

Characterization and Properties of Nanomaterials

329

(62)

Introduction

329

(1)

Structural Characterization

330

(14)

X-ray diffraction (XRD)

331

(2)

Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)

333

(3)

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

336

(2)

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

338

(2)

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)

340

(3)

Gas adsorption

343

(1)

Chemical Characterization

344

(8)

Optical spectroscopy

345

(4)

Electron spectroscopy

349

(1)

Ionic spectrometry

350

(2)

Physical Properties of Nanomaterials

352

(32)

Melting points and lattice constants

353

(4)

Mechanical properties

357

(5)

Optical properties

362

(1)

Surface plasmon resonance

362

(5)

Quantum size effects

367

(4)

Electrical conductivity

371

(1)

Surface scattering

371

(3)

Change of electronic structure

374

(1)

Quantum transport

375

(4)

Effect of microstructure

379

(1)

Ferroelectrics and dielectrics

380

(2)

Superparamagnetism

382

(2)

Summary

384

(7)

References

384

(7)

Applications of Nanomaterials

391

(34)

Introduction

391

(1)

Molecular Electronics and Nanoelectronics

392

(2)

Nanobots

394

(2)

Biological Applications of Nanoparticles

396

(1)

Catalysis by Gold Nanoparticles

397

(2)

Band Gap Engineered Quantum Devices

399

(3)

Quantum well devices

399

(2)

Quantum dot devices

401

(1)

Nanomechanics

402

(2)

Carbon Nanotube Emitters

404

(2)

Photoelectrochemical Cells

406

(3)

Photonic Crystals and Plasmon Waveguides

409

(2)

Photonic crystals

409

(2)

Plasmon waveguides

411

(1)

Summary

411

(8)

References

412

(7)

Appendix

Periodic Table of the Elements

419

(1)

The International System of Units

420

(1)

List of Fundamental Physical Constants

421

(1)

The 14 Three-Dimensional Lattice Types

422

(1)

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

423

(1)

The Greek Alphabet

424

(1)

Index

425

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Nanostructures and Nanomaterials : Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials