Nasalization, Neutral Segments and Opacity

This book explores cross-linguistic variation in nasalization spreading known as nasal harmony; it presents a survey of nasal harmony patterns in over 75 languages, and builds on the findings of this study to achieve a unified phonological understanding of the phenomenon. This book will be of interest to researchers in phonology, phonetics, morphology, and typology and universals, as well as scholars interested in Amazonian and Bantoid languages.

Preface

ix

Acknowledgments

xi

Introduction

3

(20)

Overview

3

(5)

Neutral Segments and Representations

8

(4)

Optimality Theory

12

(9)

Constraint Ranking and Violability

12

(3)

Constraints and Correspondence Theory

15

(3)

Inputs and Emergent Contrast

18

(3)

Organization of the Dissertation

21

(2)

A Cross-linguistic Typology of Nasal Harmony

23

(74)

Hierarchical Variation in Nasal Harmony

26

(10)

Analysis of the Typology

36

(19)

The Constraints

36

(12)

A Factorial Ranking Typology

48

(5)

The Status of `Transparent' Glottals

53

(2)

Interaction of the Hierarchy with Multiple Constraints

55

(4)

Appendix: The Nasal Harmony Database

59

(38)

Summary and Discussion

59

(13)

The Nasal Harmony Database (Condensed Version)

72

(25)

Segmental Transparency as an Opacity Effect

97

(110)

Antagonistic Transparency

99

(8)

Opacity in Tiberian Hebrew

107

(10)

Tuyuca

117

(44)

Phonetic versus Phonological Possibility

117

(4)

Harmonic Sympathy in Tuyuca

121

(5)

Underlying Representations and Contrast

126

(8)

Cross-morphemic Spreading and Fixed Affixes

134

(23)

Another Abstract Alternative

157

(4)

Some Points of Comparison between Harmonic and Constraint-based Sympathy

161

(11)

Finnish

172

(3)

An Evaluation Metric for Opacity

175

(4)

Appendix: German and Harmonic Sympathy Revisited

179

(28)

A Phonetic Study of Guarani

207

(40)

Nasal Harmony in Guarani

208

(6)

Set-up

214

(4)

Stimuli and Data Collection

214

(1)

Instrumental Analysis

215

(3)

Results

218

(12)

General Patterns

218

(2)

Effect 1: Ratio of Closure Duration to VOT

220

(5)

Effect 2: Ratio of Closure Duration to Closure Voice Duration

225

(3)

A Fixed Property: Total Voiceless Duration

228

(2)

Discussion

230

(10)

Two-burst Events

240

(2)

Appendix: Word Pairs

242

(5)

Other Proposals

247

(14)

A Gapping Alternative

248

(3)

The Variable Dependency Hypothesis

251

(5)

Other Approaches to Segmental Transparency

256

(5)

Other Phenomena: Reduplication and Cooccurrence Restrictions

261

(58)

Reduplication in Mbe

261

(47)

Nasal Agreement in Diminutive Nouns

263

(2)

Nasal Copy in Imperative Verbs

265

(8)

Back to Diminutives: Another Pattern Predicted by ALLσL

273

(10)

Nasal Agreement in Inchoative Verbs

283

(2)

Independent Evidence for REALIZEMORPH: Zoque

285

(3)

Extending Explanation to Other Affixation

288

(4)

Atemplatic versus Templatic Approaches to Size Restriction

292

(2)

Ruling out Prespecification in Reduplication

294

(4)

Appendix: Deriving CodaCond in Mbe

298

(10)

Cooccurrence Effects in Bantu

308

(11)

Bibliography

319

(28)

Index

347

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Nasalization, Neutral Segments and Opacity Effects

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials