The Nature of Things Emptiness and Essence in

The first in0depth scholoarly research into one of the mostimportant topics in Buddhist philosophy.

William Magee has a PhD in Buddhist Studies from the University of Virginia. For the past twelve years, he has taught the University of Virginia's internationally famed summer Tibetan language program. Magee currently teaches at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro.

Conventions

viii

Abbreviations

x

PART ONE: THE NATURE OF THINGS

Emptiness and Essence

13

(12)

Introduction

13

(6)

Emptiness in the Middle Way School

19

(6)

Nature in the Consequence School

25

(12)

The Meanings of Nature

25

(4)

The Scriptural Sources for Nature

29

(4)

Nagarjuna: the Art of the Treatise

33

(2)

Treatise on the Middle Chapter XV

35

(2)

Existent Natures

37

(27)

Does the Triply-qualified Nature Exist?

37

(4)

Does the Reality Nature Exist?

41

(8)

The Reality Nature Exists Conventionally

49

(5)

The Reality Nature Endowed with the Three Attributes

54

(10)

Natures That Do Not Exist

64

(52)

What It Means To Exist

64

(12)

Twofold Division of the Object-to-be-negated

76

(3)

Refuting a Fabricated Nature

79

(4)

Heat Is Not the Nature of Fire

83

(4)

Categorization of the Three Attributes Into Entity, State, and Certification

87

(1)

Confusing a Nature of Things Having the Three Attributes with That Which Is to Be Negated

88

(3)

Dzong-ka--ba's Identification of the Object-to-be-negated

91

(4)

Innate Versus Artificial Ignorance: Refuting That the Three Attributes Are the Object-to-be-negated Nature

95

(5)

Modern Scholars on Nagarjuna's Triply-qualified Nature

100

(3)

The Independent and Positive Nature

103

(1)

Dol-bo's Synthesis

104

(5)

Refuting the Independent and Positive Nature

109

(7)

Nagarjuna and His Detractors

116

(15)

Trivializing Nagarjuna

116

(11)

Nagarjuna Is Not Primarily Concerned With Refuting Opponents' Views

117

(3)

Nagarjuna Does Not Employ Axioms but Rather the Putative Consequences of Inherent Existence

120

(5)

Nagarjuna Does Not Use the Term svabhava in Several Different Senses

125

(2)

Conclusions

127

(4)

PART TWO: TRANSLATIONS OF THE TEXTS

131

(90)

Nagarjuna's Treatise on the Middle ``The Analysis of Nature''

134

(7)

Candrakirti's Clear Words ``The Analysis of Nature''

141

(18)

Dzong-ka-ba's Ocean of Reasonings ``The Analysis of Nature''

159

(20)

Explaining the Text of the Chapter

160

(17)

Refuting That Things Exist By Way of Their Nature

161

(10)

Indicating Damage to Existence By Way of an Object's Nature

171

(2)

Indicating That if One Propounds Existence by Way of Nature, One Does Not Pass Beyond Holding an Extreme

173

(4)

Conjoining This With Scriptures of Definitive Meaning

177

(1)

Condensing the Meaning and Indicating the Title

178

(1)

Dzong-ka-ba's Great Exposition of the Stages of the Path: ``The Refutation of an Identification of the Object-to-be-negated That Is Too Narrow''

179

(14)

First, Refuting the Assertion That the Object-to-be-negated Is That Which Possesses the Three attributes

179

(6)

Second, In Our System the Nature Possessing the Three Attributes Is Emptiness

185

(5)

Third, Refuting the Assertion That Reality Is Independent and Positive

190

(3)

Four Interwoven Annotations: ``The Refutation of an Identification of the Object-to-be-negated That Is Too Narrow''

193

(28)

First, Refuting the Assertion That the Object-to-be-negated Possesses the Three Attributes

194

(10)

Second, In Our System the Nature Possessing the Three Attributes Is the Mode of Subsistence, Emptiness

204

(13)

Third, Refuting the Assertion That Reality is Independent and Positive

217

(4)

Translation Equivalents

221

(8)

Bibliography

229

(13)

Index

242

(4)

Tibetan text:

246

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The Nature of Things Emptiness and Essence in the Geluk World

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials