Neurobehavioral Toxicology : Neurobehavioral

This comprehensive introduction to the developing field of neurobehavioral toxicology, offers an extensive evaluation of the ways in which toxins affect the human nervous system and behavior. This title available in eBook format. Click here for more information . Visit our eBookstore at: www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk .

Stanley Berent, PhD is a Psychologist with specialties in Clinical Psychology and Clinical Neuropsychology James W. Albers, MD, PhD is a Neurologist who specializes in neuromuscular disorders

Contents of Volumes II and III

ix

From the Series Editor

xvii

Acknowledgments

xix

Disclosures

xx

Introduction to Neurobehavioral Toxicology

1

(28)

Introduction

1

(2)

Some conceptual considerations

3

(2)

Neurotransmission

5

(2)

Neurotransmission and disease

7

(3)

Neurotoxicity

10

(1)

Common clinical neurobehavioral toxicology issues

11

(1)

Case presentations

12

(8)

Patient with progressive dementia

12

(4)

Patient with depression and suspected dementia

16

(4)

Importance of context with regard to toxic exposure

20

(9)

Exposure to a neurotoxicant in the context of a terrorist act Comments

24

(5)

Classification and Management of Toxicant-Related Information

29

(22)

Introduction

29

(1)

Assessment and management of risk

30

(2)

Classification

32

(15)

Conclusion

47

(4)

Clinical and Clinical Research Considerations

51

(26)

Introduction

51

(1)

Scientific method

52

(9)

Definition of the problem to be addressed

53

(1)

Hypothesis

53

(1)

Experiment

54

(5)

Analysis

59

(1)

Conclusions based on the scientific method

60

(1)

Special research considerations

61

(12)

Animal models

61

(1)

Additional issues related to sample selection

62

(1)

Protection of subjects in research

63

(4)

Bias

67

(1)

Masking and placebo controls

68

(1)

Evaluation of research claims regarding causality

69

(4)

Conclusion

73

(4)

Clinical Approaches

77

(24)

Introduction

77

(1)

Clinical neurology and clinical neuropsychology

78

(1)

The referral model

79

(1)

Managing the professional interaction

80

(2)

The clinical process

82

(6)

Some commonalities across fields

82

(1)

The need for objectivity

83

(2)

The need for an evidence-based approach to the clinical process

85

(1)

Some general clinical attributes of neurotoxic disease

86

(2)

Other considerations

88

(13)

Determining abnormality

88

(3)

Patient motivation and attention

91

(1)

Psychopathology

92

(2)

Presence of third parties during a clinical evaluation

94

(1)

Effects of litigation

95

(2)

Summary

97

(4)

The Neuropsychological Approach

101

(34)

Introduction

101

(1)

Psychology and the specialty of clinical neuropsychology

102

(1)

Brain and behavior

102

(3)

Clinical neuropsychology and its relationship to neurobehavioral toxicology

105

(1)

Neuropsychological evaluation

106

(10)

The history

107

(3)

The clinical interview

110

(3)

The psychometric examination

113

(3)

The neuropsychological method

116

(11)

Nature of neuropsychological data

116

(1)

Clinical evaluation of neuropsychological data

116

(4)

Psychometrics: basic technical considerations

120

(1)

Reliability

121

(1)

Validity

122

(4)

Other issues in test construction, selection, and administration

126

(1)

Standardization

126

(1)

Normative data

127

(1)

Some additional comments on the neuropsychological clinical approach

127

(4)

Developing the neuropsychological impression

127

(2)

Localizing the abnormality

129

(1)

Identifying general diagnostic categories

130

(1)

Use of additional neurodiagnostic testing to arrive at a final neuropsychological diagnosis

130

(1)

Summary and conclusion

131

(4)

The Neurological Approach

135

(54)

Introduction

135

(1)

The neurological approach

135

(1)

Foundations of clinical neurology as they relate to neurobehavioral toxicology

136

(3)

Clinical neurology

138

(1)

Normal or abnormal

138

(1)

Clinical neurological evaluation

139

(17)

Clinical history

140

(2)

Clinical examination

142

(14)

Developing the neurological impression

156

(7)

Localizing the lesion

157

(6)

Establishing a differential diagnosis

163

(6)

Use of neurological symptoms

164

(1)

Use of neurological signs

165

(3)

Preliminary differential diagnosis

168

(1)

Neurodiagnostic testing

169

(13)

Psychometric tests as viewed by the neurologist

170

(1)

Electrodiagnostic evaluations

170

(12)

Conclusion

182

(7)

Critique of Relevant Clinical Tests

189

(36)

Introduction

189

(2)

Psychometric examination (neuropsychological testing)

191

(2)

Neuroimaging

193

(6)

Neurophysiological tests

199

(18)

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

200

(5)

Electromyography (EMG)

205

(7)

Other tests of neurological function

212

(5)

Summary

217

(8)

Causality

225

(22)

Introduction

225

(4)

Causality as invention

229

(2)

Science as a belief system

231

(2)

On the nature of scientific knowledge

233

(1)

Science and the legal system

233

(2)

The logical (rational) and the empirical

235

(6)

In Science

235

(5)

In clinical practice

240

(1)

Evidence-based medicine (EBM)

241

(1)

Conclusions

242

(5)

Postscript

247

(2)

Subject index

249

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Neurobehavioral Toxicology : Neurobehavioral and Neuropsychological Perspectives, Foundations and Methods

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials