Neuroscience : Exploring the Brain

, by Bear, Mark F.

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ISBN: 9780781760034 | 0781760038
Cover: Trade Book
Copyright: 2/7/2006

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Summary

Widely praised for its student-friendly style and exceptional artwork and pedagogy, Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain is a leading undergraduate textbook on the biology of the brain and the systems that underlie behavior. This edition provides increased coverage of taste and smell, circadian rhythms, brain development, and developmental disorders and includes new information on molecular mechanisms and functional brain imaging. Path of Discovery boxes, written by leading researchers, highlight major current discoveries. In addition, readers will be able to assess their knowledge of neuroanatomy with the Illustrated Guide to Human Neuroanatomy, which includes a perforated self-testing workbook. This edition's robust ancillary package includes a bound-in student CD-ROM, an Instructor's Resource CD-ROM, a Connection Website, and LiveAdvise: Neuroscience online student tutoring.

Preface	p. vii
User's Guide	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xviii
Path of Discovery Authors	p. xix
Foundations	p. 1
Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future	p. 3
Introduction	p. 4
The Origins of Neuroscience	p. 4
Neuroscience Today	p. 13
Concluding Remarks	p. 20
Neurons and Glia	p. 23
Introduction	p. 24
The Neuron Doctrine	p. 24
The Prototypical Neuron	p. 28
Classifying Neurons	p. 45
Glia	p. 46
Concluding Remarks	p. 48
The Neuronal Membrane at Rest	p. 51
Introduction	p. 52
The Cast of Chemicals	p. 53
The Movement of Ions	p. 59
The Ionic Basis of the Resting Membrane Potential	p. 61
Concluding Remarks	p. 71
The Action Potential	p. 75
Introduction	p. 76
Properties of the Action Potential	p. 76
The Action Potential, in Theory	p. 80
The Action Potential, in Reality	p. 82
Action Potential Conduction	p. 93
Action Potentials, Axons, and Dendrites	p. 97
Divergence and Convergence in Neurotransmitter Systems	p. 164
Concluding Remarks	p. 164
The Structure of the Nervous System	p. 167
Introduction	p. 168
Gross Organization of the Mammalian Nervous System	p. 168
Understanding CNS Structure Through Development	p. 178
A Guide to the Cerebral Cortex	p. 195
Concluding Remarks	p. 199
An Illustrated Guide to Human Neuroanatomy	p. 205
Sensory and Motor Systems	p. 249
The Chemical Senses	p. 251
Introduction	p. 252
Taste	p. 252
Smell	p. 263
Concluding Remarks	p. 98
Synaptic Transmission	p. 101
Introduction	p. 102
Types of Synapses	p. 103
Principles of Chemical Synaptic Transmission	p. 111
Principles of Synaptic Integration	p. 122
Concluding Remarks	p. 130
Neurotransmitter Systems	p. 133
Introduction	p. 134
Studying Neurotransmitter Systems	p. 135
Neurotransmitter Chemistry	p. 141
Transmitter-Gated Channels	p. 152
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Effectors	p. 157
Concluding Remarks	p. 274
The Eye	p. 277
Introduction	p. 278
Properties of Light	p. 279
The Structure of the Eye	p. 280
Image Formation by the Eye	p. 283
Microscopic Anatomy of the Retina	p. 288
Phototransduction	p. 292
Retinal Output	p. 300
Concluding Remarks	p. 306
The Central Visual System	p. 309
Introduction	p. 310
The Retinofugal Projection	p. 310
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus	p. 315
Anatomy of the Striate Cortex	p. 318
Physiology of the Striate Cortex	p. 324
Beyond Striate Cortex	p. 333
From Single Neurons to Perception	p. 337
Concluding Remarks	p. 340
The Auditory and Vestibular Systems	p. 343
Introduction	p. 344
The Nature of Sound	p. 344
The Structure of the Auditory System	p. 347
The Middle Ear	p. 348
The Inner Ear	p. 351
Central Auditory Processes	p. 363
Encoding Sound Intensity and Frequency	p. 365
Mechanisms of Sound Localization	p. 368
Auditory Cortex	p. 372
The Vestibular System	p. 376
Concluding Remarks	p. 384
The Somatic Sensory System	p. 387
Introduction	p. 388
Touch	p. 388
Pain	p. 408
Temperature	p. 418
Concluding Remarks	p. 421
Spinal Control of Movement	p. 423
Introduction	p. 424
The Somatic Motor System	p. 424
The Lower Motor Neuron	p. 426
Excitation-Contraction Coupling	p. 432
Spinal Control of Motor Units	p. 437
Concluding Remarks	p. 449
Brain Control of Movement	p. 451
Introduction	p. 452
Descending Spinal Tracts	p. 453
The Planning of Movement by the Cerebral Cortex	p. 459
The Basal Ganglia	p. 464
The Initiation of Movement by Primary Motor Cortex	p. 468
The Cerebellum	p. 472
Concluding Remarks	p. 477
The Brain and Behavior	p. 479
Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior	p. 481
Introduction	p. 482
The Secretory Hypothalamus	p. 484
The Autonomic Nervous System	p. 490
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain	p. 498
Concluding Remarks	p. 507
Motivation	p. 509
Introduction	p. 510
The Hypothalamus, Homeostasis, and Motivated Behavior	p. 510
The Long-Term Regulation of Feeding Behavior	p. 511
The Short-Term Regulation of Feeding Behavior	p. 519
Why Do We Eat?	p. 522
Other Motivated Behaviors	p. 527
Concluding Remarks	p. 530
Sex and the Brain	p. 533
Introduction	p. 534
Sex and Gender	p. 534
The Hormonal Control of Sex	p. 537
The Neural Basis of Sexual Behaviors	p. 541
Why and How Male and Female Brains Differ	p. 546
Concluding Remarks	p. 560
Brain Mechanisms of Emotion	p. 563
Introduction	p. 564
What is Emotion?	p. 564
The Limbic System Concept	p. 568
The Amygdala and Associated Brain Circuits	p. 572
Concluding Remarks	p. 582
Brain Rhythms and Sleep	p. 585
Introduction	p. 586
The Electroencephalogram	p. 586
Sleep	p. 594
Circadian Rhythms	p. 607
Concluding Remarks	p. 615
Language	p. 617
Introduction	p. 618
The Discovery of Specialized Language Areas in the Brain	p. 618
Types of Aphasia	p. 621
Asymmetrical Language Processing in the Cerebral Hemispheres	p. 628
Language Studies using Brain Stimulation and Brain Imaging	p. 632
Concluding Remarks	p. 641
Attention	p. 643
Introduction	p. 644
Physiological Effects of Attention	p. 649
How is Attention Directed?	p. 656
Concluding Remarks	p. 658
Mental Illness	p. 661
Introduction	p. 662
Mental Illness and the Brain	p. 662
Anxiety Disorders	p. 665
Affective Disorders	p. 673
Schizophrenia	p. 679
Concluding Remarks	p. 684
The Changing Brain	p. 687
Wiring the Brain	p. 689
Introduction	p. 690
The Genesis of Neurons	p. 691
The Genesis of Connections	p. 697
The Elimination of Cells and Synapses	p. 704
Activity-Dependent Synaptic Rearrangement	p. 708
Elementary Mechanisms of Cortical Synaptic Plasticity	p. 716
Why Critical Periods End	p. 720
Concluding Remarks	p. 722
Memory Systems	p. 725
Introduction	p. 726
Types of Memory and Amnesia	p. 726
The Search for the Engram	p. 731
The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory	p. 738
The Striatum and Procedural Memory	p. 751
The Neocortex and Working Memory	p. 754
Concluding Remarks	p. 758
Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory	p. 761
Introduction	p. 762
Procedural Learning	p. 763
Simple Systems: Invertebrate Models of Learning	p. 765
Vertebrate Models of Learning	p. 772
The Molecular Basis of Long-Term Memory	p. 787
Concluding Remarks	p. 792
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Neuroscience : Exploring the Brain

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