New Environmental Policy Instruments in the

The use of legislation by EU governments to define environmental standards for industry has been criticised for its poor track record in arresting the decline in the quality of Europe's environment. Environmental economists in particular have proposed that legislation should be supplemented or replaced by New Environmental Policy Instruments (NEPIs), such as eco-taxes, environmental charges, tradable permits and voluntary agreements. This book focuses on practical experiences with NEPIs in the EU and tests their application using the case study of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive. It traces the ways in which member states have adapted NEPIs to suit their preferred styles of environmental policy, then assesses their performance and how NEPIs have both assisted and hindered the EU environmental programme. It suggests options for ensuring that the environmental programme does not become fragmented by the use of NEPIs and discusses the implications of EU enlargement.

Ian Bailey is with the Department of Geography, University of Plymouth, UK.

List of Tables

vii

List of Figures

viii

Preface

ix

Chapter 1: Introduction

1

(12)

1.1 Implementing European Union Environmental Policy: Themes and Issues

1

(6)

1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Book

7

(3)

1.3 Structure of the Book

10

(3)

Chapter 2: EU Environmental Policy: Political Processes, NEPIs and Policy Implementation

13

(44)

Part 1- Environmental Policy and Politics in the EU

2.1 The Rise of European Environmental Policy

13

(4)

2.2 The Nature of European Environmental Decision-Making

17

(9)

2.3 Models of European Environmental Policy-making

26

(6)

2.4 Issues in EU Environmental Politics

32

(8)

2.5 Concluding Comments

40

(1)

Part 2 - Environmental Policy Instruments

2.6 Introduction

41

(1)

2.7 Command-and-Control Regulation

42

(1)

2.8 Environmental Taxes and Charges

43

(4)

2.9 Tradable Permits

47

(1)

2.10 Voluntary Agreements

48

(3)

2.11 Experiences with NEPIs in the European Union

51

(3)

2.12 Conclusions

54

(3)

Chapter 3: The Packaging Waste Directive

57

(31)

3.1 Introduction

51

(7)

3.2 National Policies and the Packaging Waste Directive

58

(4)

3.3 Negotiating and Transposing the Packaging Waste Directive

62

(5)

3.4 National Packaging Waste Management Systems

67

(15)

3.5 Comparison of the UK and German Models

82

(2)

3.6 Conclusions

84

(4)

Chapter 4: Recycling Infrastructure in Britain and Germany (with Richard O'Doherty and Alan Collins)

88

(30)

4.1 Introduction

88

(1)

4.2 Voluntary Agreements in Britain and Germany

89

(7)

4.3 Hypothecation and The Expansion of recycling Infrastructure

96

(9)

4.4 PRNs and Tradable Permits in Packaging Waste

105

(9)

4.5 Conclusions

114

(4)

Chapter 5: Corporate Responses to Environmental Taxes and Charges

118

(26)

5.1 Introduction

118

(1)

5.2 National Indicators of Packaging Production

119

(2)

5.3 Producer Perdeptions of Economic Instruments

121

(2)

5.4 Corporate Waste Management

123

(6)

5.5 Economic Instruments and Packaging-Waste Management

129

(8)

5.6 Alternative Policy Strategies

137

(2)

5.7 Conclusions

139

(5)

Chapter 6: NEPIs and EU Environmental Policy

144

(24)

6.1 Introduction

144

(1)

6.2 The Influence of the EU on the Deployment of NEPIs

145

(11)

6.3 NEPIs and the EU Environmental Programme

156

(8)

6.4 Conclusion

164

(4)

Chapter 7: Conclusions and Prospects for the Future

168

(23)

7.1 Introduction

168

(3)

7.2 NEPIs and EU Monetary Union

171

(4)

7.3 NEPIs and EU Enlargement

175

(12)

7.4 Conclusions

187

(4)

Bibliography

191

(29)

Index

220

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New Environmental Policy Instruments in the European Union: Politics, Economics, and the Implementation of the Packaging Waste Directive

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