Next Generation Wireless Communications Using Radio over Fiber

Nathan J. Gomes, University of Kent, UK
Dr Gomes is Reader in Broadband Communications at University Of Kent, UK. He received a BSc degree from the University of Sussex, in 1984 and a PhD degree from University College London, in 1988, both in Electronic Engineering. From 1988 to 1989, he held a Royal Society European Exchange Fellowship at ENST, Paris, France. Since late 1989, he has been at University of Kent and has led a number of national and EU projects and published extensively in international journals and conferences.

Paulo Monteiro, Nokia Siemens Networks, Portugal
Paulo Monteiro received his diploma and his PhD degrees in Electronics and Telecommunications from the University of Aveiro, Portugal. He is Optical Networks Technology Manager in the Transport, Aggregation and Fixed Access Department of Nokia Siemens Networks. He is also an Associate Professor at the University of Aveiro and Researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicações. He was the project coordinator of the Large-scale integrating project FUTON. He has authored/co-authored more than 15 patent applications and over 200 refereed papers and conference contributions.

Atílio Gameiro, University of Aveiro, Portugal
Atilio Gameiro received his Licenciatura and his PhD from the University of Aveiro in 1985 and 1993 respectively. He is currently a Professor in the University of Aveiro, and a Group Head at the Instituto de Telec., Pólo de Aveiro, Portugal. His industrial experience includes a period of one year at BT Labs and one year at NKT Elektronik. He has published over 120 technical papers in international journals and conferences. He has been involved and has led several national and European projects in the field of mobile communications.

List of Contributors xiii

Foreword xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xxi

List of Abbreviations xxiii

1 Background and Introduction 1
Paulo P. Monteiro, Atýlio Gameiro and Nathan J. Gomes

1.1 The Trends and Challenges to Achieving 4G Wireless 2

1.2 The FUTON Concept for Next-Generation Distributed and Heterogeneous Radio Architectures 8

1.3 Overview of this Book 12

2 Trends inWireless Communications 17
Aarne Mammela, Mika Lasanen and Jarno Pinola

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Basic Transmission Problems and Solutions 18

2.3 Regulation and Standardization 37

2.4 Conclusions 41

3 System Concepts for the Central Processing of Signals 47
Atýlio Gameiro and Daniel Castanheira

3.1 Introduction 47

3.2 Wireless Trends 48

3.3 Architecture Options 51

3.4 The Global Centralized Architecture 52

3.5 FUTON Scenarios 55

3.6 The Optical Infrastructure 58

3.7 Conclusions 60

4 Introduction to Radio over Fiber 61
Nathan J. Gomes and David Wake

4.1 Introduction 61

4.2 The Concept of a Radio over Fiber System 62

4.3 Categories of Radio over Fiber Systems 64

4.4 Performance of Radio over Fiber Systems 72

4.5 Applications of Radio over Fiber Technology 79

4.6 Conclusions 84

5 Radio over Fiber System Design for Distributed Broadband Wireless Systems 91
David Wake and Nathan J. Gomes

5.1 Introduction 91

5.2 Radio over Fiber Link Design Issues 93

5.3 Example Link Design 97

5.4 Analog or Digital Transmission? 108

5.5 Conclusions 110

6 Optical Network Architectures for the Support of Future Wireless Systems 113
Sýlvia Pato and Jo~ao Pedro

6.1 Introduction 113

6.2 Using PONs to Support Radio over Fiber Services 114

6.3 Candidate Architectures 117

6.4 Power-Loss Budget Analysis 122

6.5 Comparative Economic Analysis 128

6.6 Support of Legacy Systems 130

6.7 Conclusions 131

7 Optical Transmitters for Low-Cost Broadband Transport 133
Guilhem de Valicourt, Romain Brenot, Frederic Van Dijk and Guanghua Duan

7.1 Introduction 133

7.2 Basics of Semiconductor Lasers and Reflective SOAs 133

7.3 Semiconductor Lasers for Radio over Fiber Applications 139

7.4 Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 148

7.5 Conclusions 157

8 Algorithms for Coordinated Multipoint Techniques 159
Fabian Diehm, Mohamed Kamoun and Gerhard Fettweis

8.1 Introduction 159

8.2 Basic Ideas about CoMP 160

8.3 CoMP in Cellular Systems: Benefits and Practical Design 163

8.4 Numerical Illustrations of CoMP Concepts 169

8.5 CoMP in the FUTON System Concept 174

8.6 The FUTON Prototype: CoMP with the FUTON RoF Architecture 177

8.7 Conclusions 186

9 Cross-Layer Resource Allocation and Scheduling 191
Ilkka Harjula, Mikko Hiivala, Vinay Uday Prabhu, Dimitris Toumpakaris and Huiling Zhu

9.1 Introduction 191

9.2 Low-Complexity Chunk-Based Resource Allocation for the Downlink 192

9.3 Modified MAC-Aware Per-User Unitary Rate Control Scheme 197

9.4 Channel Estimation Based on Superimposed Pilots 201

9.5 Conclusions 209

10 Compensation of Impairments in the Radio over Fiber Infrastructure 211
Atso Hekkala, Mika Lasanen, Mikko Hiivala, Luis Vieira, Nathan J. Gomes, Vincent Kotzsch and Gerhard Fettweis

10.1 Introduction 211

10.2 Compensation Techniques for RoF Links 212

10.3 RoF Link Model 214

10.4 Distortion Compensation Algorithms and Architectures 222

10.5 Distortion Compensation Analyses, Simulations and Measurements 227

10.6 Impact of Timing Delays in Centralized Distributed Antenna Systems 232

10.7 Conclusions 243

11 Radio over Fiber Network Management 247
Carlos Santiago, Bodhisattwa Gangopadhyay and ArturArsenio

11.1 Introduction 247

11.2 Overview of RoF Management Systems 248

11.3 RoF Manager Architecture 251

11.4 Interoperation of RoF Manager and Middleware 256

11.5 Conclusions 262

12 System-Level Evaluation 265
Ramiro Samano-Robles and Atýlio Gameiro

12.1 Introduction 265

12.2 System-Level Simulation of Wireless Networks and DAS 269

12.3 The FUTON System-Level Simulator 272

12.4 Radio Resource Management Implementation for the DBWS 285

12.5 Results of the Simulation 286

12.6 Conclusions 289

13 Business Evaluation and Perspectives 291
George Agapiou, Vitor Sim~oes Ribeiro, Angela Maria Ferro Venturi, Silmar Freire Palmeira and A. Manuel de Oliveira Duarte

13.1 Introduction 291

13.2 Evolution of Services in Advanced Access Technologies 292

13.3 Business Model Description 293

13.4 Business Plan 294

13.5 Market Characterization 296

13.6 Modeling the Business Plan 297

13.7 Deployment Models 304

13.8 Conclusions 312

14 Summary and Conclusions 313
Paulo P. Monteiro, Atýlio Gameiro and Nathan J. Gomes

14.1 Introduction 313

14.2 Main Achievements of the FUTON Project 313

14.3 Technical Benefits 314

14.4 Business Benefits 315

14.5 Business Vision 315

References 316

Index 317

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