Nonmonotonic Reasoning: Logical Foundations

In this book the author gives a broad overview of different areas of research in nonmonotonic reasoning, and presents some new results and ideas based on his research. The guiding principles are: clarification of the different research activities in the area, which have sometimes been undertaken independently of each other; and appreciation of the fact that these research activities often represent different means to the same ends, namely sound theoretical foundations and efficient computation. The book begins with a discussion of the various types of nonmonotonic reasoning, their applications and their logics. Theorem proving techniques for these logics are also described. The following chapters deal with formulations of nonmonotonic inheritance, and nonmonotonic reasoning based on nonmonotonic rules. The final chapter discusses the achievements in the field in the light of the Yale shooting example. The book will be welcomed by researchers in theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.

Foreword	p. vii
Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgements	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
What is Nonmonotonic Reasoning?	p. 1
Types of Nonmonotonicity	p. 5
Applications of Nonmonotonic Reasoning	p. 11
An Overview of this Book	p. 13
Modal Nonmonotonic Logics	p. 19
McDermott and Doyle's Nonmonotonic Logic	p. 19
Autoepistemic Logic	p. 23
Hierarchic Autoepistemic Logic	p. 29
Default Logic	p. 31
Defaults, Default Theories and Extensions	p. 31
Which Defaults are Needed?	p. 35
The Relation Between DL and AEL	p. 38
Cumulative Default Logic	p. 40
Circumscription	p. 49
Predicate Circumscription	p. 50
Variable Circumscription	p. 54
Prioritized Circumscription	p. 59
The Relation Between Circumscription and DL/AEL	p. 61
Preferential Entailment: A Semantical Framework	p. 62
Preferred Subtheories	p. 64
A Framework for Nonmonotonic Systems	p. 65
Poole's System: Default Reasoning as Theory Construction	p. 66
First Generalization: Levels of Reliability	p. 71
Second Generalization: Partially Ordered Defaults	p. 75
Related Work	p. 77
A Conditional Approach	p. 83
Delgrande's Logic N	p. 83
Using N for Nonmonotonic Inference	p. 84
Nonmonotonic Theorem Proving	p. 88
Expressiveness Versus Tractability	p. 88
Circumscriptive Theorem Proving	p. 89
Theorem Proving in Default Logic	p. 97
A Modal Default Prover	p. 99
Inheritance Systems	p. 108
A Classification	p. 108
The Logic of Frames with Exceptions	p. 111
An Approach Based on DL	p. 116
Touretzky's Credulous System	p. 118
A System for Skeptical Inheritance	p. 120
Further Approaches	p. 122
Nonmonotonic Rule-Based Systems	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
Nonmonotonic Formal Systems: A Generalization of DL	p. 126
Nonmonotonic Process Systems: A Pragmatic Approach	p. 130
Dependency Directed Backtracking	p. 137
Nonmonotonic Reasoning - Where Do We Stand?	p. 144
What has been Achieved?	p. 144
The Yale Shooting Problem	p. 146
What Next?	p. 152
Logical Syntax	p. 154
References	p. 158
Index	p. 166
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Nonmonotonic Reasoning: Logical Foundations of Commonsense

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