Nuclear Fusion: Half a Century of Magnetic

-- Monograph for active researchers in fusion research.-- Unique and complete review of developments in fusion research to the present date.-- Discusses various theories and developments in a semi-quantitative way.-- Compares and contrasts various viewpoints and developments in producing a functioning fusion reactor, with emphasis on stellarators and tokamaks.Readership: Researchers and graduate students in fusion research

Kees Braams was the founder and first director of FOM Institute for Plasma Physics and professor of plasma physics at the University of Utrecht until his retirement Peter Stott has worked at Culham Laboratory and in the JET Joint Undertaking. He is now with the Euratom-CEA Fusion Association at Cadarache

Preface

xi

Prologue

xiii

The road to Geneva

1

(30)

The scientific roots

1

(15)

Fusion energy in stars

1

(3)

Fusion reactions on Earth

4

(3)

The origins of plasma physics

7

(9)

In and out of secrecy

16

(15)

Programmes taking shape

16

(4)

Looking behind the curtain

20

(6)

The road to travel

26

(5)

Geneva 1958

31

(25)

Fast linear pinches or Z-pinches

31

(4)

Steady-state mirror confinement

35

(5)

Pulsed mirrors and theta pinches

40

(3)

Stellarators

43

(6)

Toroidal pinches

49

(3)

RF fields and other subjects

52

(1)

Looking back at Geneva

53

(3)

Open systems

56

(34)

Simple mirror machines

56

(12)

Mirror loss

57

(1)

The quest for burnout

58

(3)

MHD stability

61

(3)

Velocity-space instabilities in mirror machines

64

(4)

Tandem mirrors

68

(7)

Z-pinch and plasma focus

75

(5)

Theta pinches

80

(4)

Unconventional schemes

84

(5)

The status of open systems

89

(1)

Pulsed toroidal systems and alternative lines

90

(34)

High-beta stellarators

90

(2)

Stabilized and reversed-field pinches

92

(11)

Screw pinches

103

(2)

Field-reversed configurations and spheromaks

105

(9)

Internal-ring devices

114

(6)

Unconventional toroidal schemes

120

(2)

Status of alternative toroidal systems

122

(2)

Stellarators versus tokamaks

124

(28)

Stellarators: Bohm diffusion or not?

124

(5)

Tokamaks: from Geneva to Novosibirsk

129

(5)

Diagnosing the plasma

134

(9)

Stellarators trailing tokamaks

143

(9)

The dash to tokamaks

152

(27)

The tokamak goes abroad

152

(5)

Neutral beam heating

157

(2)

Disruptions and density limits

159

(2)

Sawteeth

161

(3)

Passing through purgatory

164

(4)

Hydrogen recycling and refuelling

168

(2)

Divertors

170

(2)

Neoclassical theory

172

(4)

Empirical scalings

176

(3)

The next generation

179

(23)

New machines

179

(5)

Radio-frequency heating

184

(3)

Non-inductive current drive

187

(2)

The switch to carbon

189

(2)

Beta limits

191

(1)

Confinement degradation

192

(3)

The H-mode

195

(2)

Attempts to understand confinement

197

(3)

Transport codes

200

(2)

The era of the big tokamaks

202

(28)

Building the big tokamaks

202

(8)

JET---the Joint European Torus

203

(3)

TFTR---the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor

206

(1)

JT-60

207

(3)

Operation and results

210

(11)

Heating the big tokamaks

210

(2)

Keeping clean

212

(2)

Pushing to higher performance

214

(3)

Real fusion power at last

217

(4)

The end of the era

221

(1)

Improving the tokamak

221

(9)

Reactor-relevant divertor physics

222

(1)

Advanced tokamak scenarios

223

(2)

Spherical tokamaks

225

(2)

Towards ignition

227

(3)

Towards a fusion reactor

230

(31)

First thoughts

230

(3)

Second thoughts

233

(3)

Pioneering studies

236

(4)

Drawing fire

240

(4)

Economic and social aspects of fusion

244

(3)

Joining forces for the `next step'

247

(2)

ITER

249

(12)

The ITER EDA design

250

(3)

The physics basis

253

(2)

Decision and indecision

255

(3)

Back to the drawing board

258

(3)

Epilogue

261

(9)

References

270

(28)

Symbols

298

(3)

Glossary

301

(14)

Index

315

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Nuclear Fusion: Half a Century of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials