Nutrition And Cancer Prevention

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ISBN: 9780849339455 | 0849339456
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/19/2005

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Nutrition and Cancer Prevention brings together top experts in nutritive health who present significant evidence that specific dietary micronutrients have the potential to play a role in resisting cancer, modulating its development, or reducing tumor metastasis. The book updates the descriptive epidemiology of the major cancers of the Western world and discusses the likely mechanisms of action that occur when certain essential nutrients become diet staples. It contains chapters that explore the scientific evidence, looking at the various properties of each class of micronutrient, and chapters that explain the roles obesity and excessive alcohol consumption play in cancer development.

PART I Introduction

Epidemiology of Breast, Prostate, and Colon Cancers

(24)

Maddalena Barba

Barbara Fuhrman

Barbara Teter

Paola Muti

Introduction: Cancer Epidemiology

(3)

Female Breast Cancer in Western Countries

(6)

Descriptive Epidemiology

(1)

Reproductive Factors

(1)

Lifestyle Factors

(1)

Early Life Exposures

(1)

Endogenous Hormones

(2)

Exogeneous Hormones

(1)

Markers of Risk

(1)

Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer

(1)

Prostate Cancer in Western Countries

(2)

Demographic Factors

(1)

Endocrine Factors

(1)

Genetic Factors

(1)

Dietary Components

(1)

Colorectal Cancer

(13)

Adenomatous Polyps

(1)

Familial and Hereditary Factors

(1)

Dietary Factors

(1)

Role of Inflammation

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(10)

How Dietary Components Protect from Cancer

(34)

Diane M. Harris

Vay Liang W. Go

Introduction

(1)

Evidence Linking Diet to Cancer

(1)

Bioactive Dietary Components

(3)

Pathogenesis of Cancer --- Acquired Capabilities

(3)

Molecular Targets for Chemopreventive Action of Dietary Components

(13)

Inhibition of Cellular Replication

(5)

Increased Response to Antigrowth Signals and Induction of Differentiation

(1)

Enhancement of Apoptosis

(1)

Induction of Senescence

(1)

Inhibition of Angiogenesis

(1)

Inhibition of Tissue Invasion and Metastasis

(1)

Increased Antioxidant Capacity and Genomic Stability

(1)

Other Mechanisms

(1)

Inflammation

(1)

Carcinogen Activation/Detoxification by Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes

(1)

Epigenetic Events

(1)

Example of Pleiotropic Actions of Nutrients --- Vitamin D in Colon Cancer

(2)

Implications

(11)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(9)

PART II Dietary Components That Protect from Cancer: Vitamins

Vitamin A, β-Carotene, and Cancer

(14)

Joseph L. Napoli

Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol) Homeostasis

(1)

Systemic Functions of Vitamin A

(1)

Mechanism of Vitamin A Action

(1)

Mechanisms of Complexity in Vitamin A Signaling

(1)

Vitamin A and Cancer in Experimental Animals

(3)

Epidemiological Insight into Vitamin A, Carotenoids, and Cancer

(1)

Clinical Trials with Retinoids

(2)

Conclusions

(4)

References

(4)

Anticarcinogenic Activity of Natural and Synthetic Carotenoids

(14)

Hoyoku Nishino

Michiaki Murakoshi

Xiao Yang Mou

Saeri Wada

Mitsuharu Masuda

Yasuhito Ohsaka

Yoshiko Satomi

Kenji Jinno

Abstract

(1)

Key Words

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Anticarcinogenic Activity of Vitamin A, Retinoids, and Rexinoids

(1)

Anticarcinogenic Activity of Natural and Synthetic Carotenoids

(7)

β-Carotene (Synthetic)

(1)

α-Carotene

(1)

Lutein

(1)

Zeaxanthin

(1)

Lycopene

(2)

β-Cryptoxanthin

(1)

Other Carotenoids

(1)

Multicarotenoids

(2)

Production of Phytoene in Mammalian Cells

(2)

Establishment of Phytoene-Producing Mammalian Cells and Analysis of Their Properties

(1)

Bio-Chemoprevention

(1)

Conclusion

(3)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(3)

Vitamin D and the Risk of Cancer

(22)

Sujatha Sundaram

David A. Gewirtz

Introduction

(1)

Vitamin D Metabolism

(2)

Dietary Sources of Vitamin D

(1)

Recommended Intake for Vitamin D

(2)

The Vitamin D Receptor

(1)

Vitamin D and the Cancer Connection

(2)

VDR Polymorphisms and Cancer

(3)

Breast Cancer

(2)

Prostate Cancer

(1)

lα,25-(OH)2D3 Analogs in the Treatment of Cancer

100

(3)

Conclusion

103

(8)

References

103

(8)

Vitamin E Analogs as Anticancer Agents

111

(28)

Jiri Neuzil

Xiu-Fang Wang

Yan Zhao

Kun Wu

Abstract

111

(1)

Introduction

112

(1)

Vitamin E as an Anticancer Agent --- More than an Antioxidant?

113

(3)

Vitamin E Analogs --- The Importance of Redox-Silence

116

(12)

Structure--Function Relationship

116

(4)

Vitamin E Analogs as Anticancer Agents

120

(2)

Selectivity of VE Analogs Increases Their Clinical Application

122

(1)

VE Analogs Overcome Resistance of Mutant Cancer Cells to Apoptosis, Induce the Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway, and Cooperative with Immunological Apoptogens

123

(3)

Vitamin E Analogs as Antitumor Agents: Beyond Mitochondria

126

(1)

Pharmacokinetics of VE Analogs --- A Potential Secondary Beneficial Bioactivity

127

(1)

Conclusions and Future Directions

128

(11)

References

129

(10)

Vitamin C Blocks Carcinogenic Tumor Formation

139

(14)

Ki Won Lee

Hyong Joo Lee

Chang Yong Lee

Introduction

139

(1)

Concepts of Chemoprevention

140

(1)

Some Major Biomarkers Related to Multistage Carcinogenesis

141

(1)

Roles of Oxidative Stress in Multistage Carcinogenesis

142

(1)

Underlying Chemopreventive Mechanisms of Vitamin C

143

(3)

Antioxidant Effects

143

(1)

Anti-Inflammatory Activity

144

(1)

Restoration of Cell-to-Cell Communication

145

(1)

Antimetastatic Effects

146

(1)

Conclusion

146

(7)

Acknowledgment

147

(1)

References

148

(5)

Folic Acid, Folates, and Cancer

153

(24)

John J. McGuire

Folate Metabolism

153

(3)

Folates in Cancer Therapy

156

(1)

Dietary Folate Deficiency in Cancer Treatment

156

(1)

Folate Antagonists (Antifolates) in Cancer Chemotherapy

156

(1)

Folates and Cancer Prevention

156

(21)

Defining Folate Deficiency

157

(1)

Folate Deficiency and DNA Damage

158

(1)

Preclinical Data Linking Folate Deficiency and Cancer

159

(1)

Clinical Data Linking Folate Deficiency and Cancer

159

(1)

Colon Cancer

160

(1)

Childhood Cancer

161

(1)

Other Sites

161

(1)

Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis through Folate Deficiency

162

(3)

Other Factors Contributing to Actual or Functional Folate Deficiency

165

(1)

Folate Supplementation

166

(1)

References

167

(10)

PART III Dietary Components That Protect from Cancer: Minerals

Calcium and Chemoprevention of Colon Cancer

177

(12)

Subhas Chakrabarty

Introduction

177

(1)

Induction of Differentiation

178

(1)

Cell Adhesions and Differentiation

178

(2)

Calcium and the Calcium-Sensing Receptor

180

(1)

Cell Cycle Control and the Induction of Differentiation

180

(1)

Calcium and CaSR Function in Colon

181

(1)

Perspectives and Conclusion

181

(8)

References

183

(6)

Relationship of Selenium Intake to Cancer

189

(34)

P.D. Whanger

Introduction

189

(1)

Selenium

190

(1)

Selenocompounds in Plants and Animals

191

(1)

Epidemiological Studies

192

(1)

Human Trials

193

(3)

Selenium and Tumors in Small Animals

196

(1)

Selenium Metabolism in Tissue Culture Models

197

(1)

Mechanisms of Cancer Reduction by Selenium

198

(6)

Role of Selenoenzymes

198

(1)

Effects on Carcinogen Metabolism

199

(1)

Effects on Immunity

200

(1)

Antitumorigenic Selenium Metabolites

200

(1)

Selenium and Apoptosis

201

(2)

Selenium and DNA Repair

203

(1)

Selenium as an Antiangiogenic Agent

204

(1)

Forms of Selenium in Foods and Supplements

204

(3)

Levels of Selenium Necessary for Nutritive Benefit

207

(1)

Conclusions and Future Research

208

(15)

References

208

(15)

PART IV Dietary Components That Protect from Cancer: Phytosterols

Phytosterols: Sources and Metabolism

223

(28)

Elke A. Trautwein

Guus S.M.J.E. Duchateau

Introduction

223

(1)

Sterol Nomenclature

224

(2)

Phytosterol Sources

226

(4)

Occurrence of Phytosterols in Plants

226

(2)

Food Sources of Phytosterols

228

(1)

Commercial Sources

228

(2)

Dietary Intake of Phytosterols

230

(1)

Health Benefits of Phytosterols

230

(5)

Plasma Cholesterol-Lowering Effect

230

(1)

Anti-Atherogenic Effects of Phytosterols

231

(1)

Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Effects on the Immune System

232

(1)

Antioxidant Activity

232

(1)

Beneficial Effects on Prostatic Hyperplasia

232

(1)

Possible Health Concerns and Safety Aspects

233

(2)

Metabolism of Phytosterols

235

(4)

Absorption of Phytosterols

235

(2)

Effect of Phytosterols on Cholesterol Absorption

237

(1)

Distribution and Metabolism: Post-Absorptive Fate of Phytosterols

238

(1)

Excretion

239

(1)

Conclusion

239

(12)

References

241

(10)

Phytosterols: Bioactivity on Cancer

251

(22)

Peter G. Bradford

Atif B. Awad

Dietary Phytosterols: Introduction

251

(2)

Dietary Phytosterols and Cancer: Epidemiological Studies

253

(2)

Dietary Phytosterols and Cancer: Animal Experimentation Studies

255

(3)

Colon Cancer

255

(2)

Breast and Prostate Cancer

257

(1)

Dietary Phytosterols and Cancer: Mechanisms of Action

258

(7)

Effects on Apoptosis

258

(3)

Effects on Cholesterol Biosynthesis

261

(1)

Effects on Cell Cycle

261

(1)

Effects on Membrane-Bound Enzymes

262

(1)

Effects on Models of Tumor Metastasis

262

(1)

Effects on Immune Function

263

(1)

Estrogenic Actions

263

(1)

Effects on Membrane Structure

264

(1)

Conclusions

265

(8)

References

266

(7)

PART V Dietary Components That Protect from Cancer: Polyphenols

Classification, Dietary Sources, Absorption, Bioavailability, and Metabolism of Flavonoids

273

(22)

Jeremy P.E. Spencer

Introduction

273

(1)

Classification and Abundance

274

(1)

Flavonoids as Classical Antioxidants

275

(2)

Flavonoid Absorption and Metabolism

277

(7)

Upper GI tract

278

(1)

Middle GI Tract and Liver

279

(1)

Flavonoid Glycoside Processing

279

(1)

Flavonoid Metabolism

280

(1)

Lower GI Tract

281

(3)

Summary

284

(11)

References

287

(8)

Isoflavones, Soybean Phytoestrogens, and Cancer

295

(18)

Fazlul H. Sarkar

Yiwei Li

Introduction

295

(1)

Source, Absorption, Metabolism, and Bioavailability of Isoflavones

296

(1)

Isoflavones and Cancers

297

(3)

Isoflavones and Breast Cancer

297

(1)

Isoflavones and Prostate Cancer

298

(1)

Isoflavones and Other Hormone-Related Cancers

299

(1)

Isoflavones and Hormone-Independent Cancers

299

(1)

Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Isoflavones

300

(4)

Regulation of the Expression of Genes Related to Cell Cycle and Apoptosis

300

(1)

Regulation of Cell Signaling Pathways

301

(1)

NF-kB Pathway

301

(1)

Akt Pathway

302

(1)

AR and ER Pathways

302

(1)

Regulation of the Expression of Genes Related to Angiogenesis and Metastasis

303

(1)

Regulation of Oxidative Stress

304

(1)

Conclusion

304

(9)

Acknowledgment

305

(1)

References

305

(8)

Implications of Flavonoids as a Sex Hormone Source

313

(12)

David Jenkins

Roxanne LaBelle

Introduction

313

(1)

Isoflavones, Natural Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)

314

(1)

Cancer and Phytoestrogens

315

(3)

Breast Cancer

315

(2)

Prostate Cancer

317

(1)

Other Cancers

317

(1)

Rat Models

318

(2)

Trends in Cancer Incidence

320

(1)

Conclusion

320

(5)

References

322

(3)

Flavonoids as Inhibitors of Tumor Metastasis

325

(26)

Jin-Rong Zhou

Introduction

326

(2)

Critical Review of the Roles of Flavonoids in Tumor Metastasis: Evidence from in Vitro and in Vitro Studies

328

(9)

Tea Polyphenols and Antimetastasis

328

(4)

Effects of Tea Polyphenols on Invasion and Metastasis of Melanoma

332

(1)

Effects of Tea Polyphenols on Invasion and Metastasis of Prostate Cancer

332

(1)

Effects of Tea Polyphenols on Invasion and Metastasis of Other Types of Cancer

333

(1)

Soy Isoflavones and Antimetastasis

334

(1)

Effects of Soy Isoflavones on Invasion and Metastasis of Breast Cancer

334

(1)

Effects of Soy Isoflavones on Invasion and Metastasis of Prostate Cancer

334

(1)

Effects of Soy Isoflavones on Invasion and Metastasis of Melanoma

335

(1)

Effects of Soy Isoflavones on Invasion and Metastasis of Other Types of Cancer

335

(1)

Apigenin and Quercetin and Antimetastasis

336

(1)

Effects of Apigenin on Invasion and Metastasis of Cancer

336

(1)

Effects of Quercetin on Invasion and Metastasis of Cancer

336

(1)

Mechanisms by Which Flavonoids Inhibit Tumor Metastasis

337

(5)

Flavonoids and Angiogenesis

337

(1)

Effects of Tea Polyphenols on Angiogenesis

338

(1)

Effects of Soy Isoflavones on Angiogenesis

338

(1)

Flavonoids and Proteolytic Enzymes

339

(1)

Effects of Tea Polyphenols on MMP Activities

340

(1)

Effects of Soy Isoflavones on MMP Activities

340

(1)

Flavonoids and Cancer Cell Adhesion

341

(1)

Effects of Tea Polyphenols on Cancer Cell Adhesion

341

(1)

Effects of Soy Isoflavones on Cancer Cell Adhesion

341

(1)

Critical Issues and Future Directions in Research on Flavonoids and Tumor Metastasis

342

(2)

Identification of Flavonoids for Inhibition of Cancer-Specific Metastasis

342

(1)

Verification of Antimetastasis Activities of Flavonoids

343

(1)

Further Elucidation of Mechanisms

343

(1)

Interactive Effects of Flavonoids with Other Dietary Bioactives

344

(1)

Conclusions

344

(7)

References

344

(7)

Catechins and Inhibitory Activity against Carcinogenesis

351

(18)

Jen-Kun Lin

Abstract

351

(1)

Introduction

352

(2)

Occurrence of Catechins

354

(1)

Chemical Structures of Catechins and Their Biological Activities

354

(1)

Inhibition of Carcinogenesis by Catechins in Animal Models

355

(1)

Chemoprevention of Human Cancer by Tea Drinking

355

(1)

Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Chemoprevention by Catechins

356

(5)

Antioxidant Effects of Catechins

356

(1)

Pro-Oxidant Effects of Catechins

357

(1)

Induction of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest

358

(1)

Inhibition of Cellular Proliferation and Tumor Progression through Suppressing EGFR Signaling

358

(1)

Inhibition of iNOS through Downregulating NFkB Activation

359

(1)

Inhibition of Tumor Promotion and Cell Transformation through Suppressing AP-1 Activation

359

(1)

Suppression of Fatty Acid Synthase Expression by Catechins and Theaflavins

360

(1)

Inhibition of Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway by Catechins

361

(1)

Discussion of the Action Mechanisms of Catechins

361

(8)

Acknowledgments

362

(1)

References

362

(7)

Cancer Chemoprotective Activity of Stilbenes: Resveratrol

369

(16)

Catherine A. O'Brian

Jubilee R. Stewart

Feng Chu

Abstract

369

(1)

Nutritional Sources of Resveratrol

370

(1)

The Resveratrol-Cancer Prevention Connection: Where It Began

370

(1)

Intrinsic Antioxidant Activity of Resveratrol

371

(1)

Effects of Resveratrol on the Cell Cycle Machinery

372

(1)

Resveratrol-Induced Cancer Cell Apoptosis

373

(1)

NF-kB Survival Pathway Suppression by Resveratrol

374

(1)

Effects of Resveratrol on Cyclooxygenase Activity and Expression

375

(1)

Modulation of Estrogen-Dependent Gene Regulation by Resveratrol

376

(1)

Inhibition of Protein Kinase C (PKC) Isozymes by Resveratrol

376

(1)

Cancer Prevention by Resveratrol in Vivo

377

(8)

Acknowledgments

379

(1)

References

379

(6)

Flaxseed and Lignans: Effects on Breast Cancer

385

(26)

Krista A. Power

Lilian U. Thompson

Introduction

385

(2)

Epidemiological Studies

387

(7)

Lignan Intake

392

(1)

Serum Lignans

393

(1)

Experimental Studies

394

(6)

FS and Lignans and Breast Cancer Prevention

394

(1)

FS and Lignans and Mammary Gland Development

394

(2)

FS and Lignans and Tumor Initiation and Promotion

396

(1)

FS and Lignans and Breast Cancer Treatment

397

(1)

FS and Lignans in Carcinogen-Treated Rat Model

397

(1)

Lignans and Athymic Nude Mice Model

397

(3)

Clinical Study

400

(1)

Mechanisms

400

(5)

Altering Estrogen Bioavailability

400

(1)

Altering Estrogen Synthesis and Metabolism

401

(1)

Estrogen Synthesis

401

(1)

Estrogen Metabolism

402

(1)

Altering Estrogen Action

402

(1)

Non-ER-Mediated Mechanisms

403

(1)

Effects on Metastasis

403

(1)

Effects on Growth Factors

404

(1)

Conclusion

405

(6)

References

405

(6)

Anthocyanins and Cancer Prevention

411

(24)

Colin D. Kay

Bruce J. Holub

Introduction

412

(4)

Diet and Cancer

412

(1)

Flavonoids and Cancer

412

(1)

Anthocyanins

413

(1)

Anthocyanins and Cancer

414

(2)

Antioxidant Activity

416

(3)

Structural Characteristics Effecting Antioxidant Activity

416

(1)

Glycosylation and Antioxidant Capacity

416

(1)

Absorption, Metabolism, and Biological Antioxidant Activity

417

(1)

Effect of pH on Antioxidant Activity

418

(1)

Compartmentalization and Antioxidant Activity

418

(1)

Beyond Radical Scavenging

419

(2)

Direct Protection against DNA Damage

419

(1)

Enzymatic Antioxidant Defense

419

(1)

Cell Cycle and Tumor Development

420

(1)

Hormone Activity

421

(1)

Inflammation

422

(2)

Inflammation and Arachidonic Acid Metabolism

422

(2)

Inflammation, Oxidation, and Carcinogenesis

424

(1)

Chemical-Induced Carcinogenesis

424

(1)

Phase I Xenobiotic Detoxification

424

(1)

Phase II Xenobiotic Detoxification

425

(1)

Conclusions

425

(10)

References

426

(9)

PART VI Dietary Components That Protect from Cancer: Isothiocyanates

Isothiocyanates and Cancer Prevention

435

(22)

Marilyn E. Morris

Urvi Telang

Introduction

435

(2)

Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of ITCs

437

(2)

In Vitro Studies

439

(2)

In Vivo Studies with Animal Cancer Models

441

(1)

Clinical Studies

442

(2)

Mechanisms of Action of Isothiocyanates

444

(4)

Inhibition of Phase I Enzymes

444

(2)

Induction of Phase II Enzymes

446

(1)

Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Regulation

447

(1)

Conclusions

448

(9)

Acknowledgments

448

(1)

References

448

(9)

PART VII Dietary Components That Protect from Cancer: Saponins

Anticancer Activity of Ginseng and Soy Saponins

457

(30)

David G. Popovich

David D. Kitts

Introduction

458

(1)

Saponins

458

(1)

Saponin Functions and Formation in Plants

459

(1)

Cancer Preventative Properties of Ginseng and Ginsenosides

459

(12)

Antioxidant Properties of Ginseng

460

(1)

Immune-Stimulating Properties of Ginseng

461

(1)

Anticancer Activity of Ginseng and Ginsenosides

462

(1)

Effect on Cultured Cancer Cells

463

(4)

Effect on Cellular Membranes

467

(1)

Effect of Ginseng and Ginsenosides on Membrane Hemolysis

467

(1)

Effect of Ginsenoside Structure on Bioactivity

468

(1)

Potential Synergy, Multidrug-Resistant Cancer

469

(1)

In Vivo Animal Cancer Models

470

(1)

Human Anticancer Evidence

471

(1)

Cancer Preventative Properties of Soyasaponins

471

(5)

Bioavailability of Soyasaponins

472

(1)

Antioxidant Activity

472

(2)

Immune System

474

(1)

Cultured Cell Experiments

474

(2)

Hepatoprotective Effects of Soyasaponins

476

(1)

Soysaponins and Animal Colon Cancer Model

476

(1)

Conclusion

476

(11)

References

477

(10)

PART VIII Dietary Components That Protect Cancer: Specialized Lipids

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cancer Prevention

487

(16)

Bandaru S. Reddy

Introduction

487

(1)

Evidence from Epidemiological Studies

488

(1)

Evidence from Preclinical Efficacy Studies

489

(3)

Mode of Action of Types of Dietary Fats against Colon Cancer

492

(3)

Summary and Conclusions

495

(1)

Future Directions

496

(7)

Acknowledgments

497

(1)

References

497

(6)

Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Cancer

503

(16)

Yongsoon Park

Introduction

503

(1)

Tumor Model and Tissue Specificity

504

(2)

In Vitro Cell Culture Model

504

(1)

In Vivo Animal Model

505

(1)

Inhibitory Mechanisms of CLA on the Stages of Carcinogenesis

506

(3)

Initiation

506

(1)

Promotion

507

(2)

Progression

509

(1)

CLA Modulation of Lipid Metabolism and Gene Expression

509

(2)

CLA Intake and Cancer in Humans

511

(1)

Conclusion

511

(8)

References

512

(7)

Sphingolipids as Chemopreventive Agents

519

(22)

Eva M. Schmelz

Introduction

519

(1)

Sphingolipid Biochemistry

520

(3)

Sphingolipid Metabolism

520

(1)

Sphingolipid Metabolism in Cancer Cells

521

(2)

Routes of Administration of Exogenous Sphingolipids to Prevent Cancer In Vivo

523

(5)

Topical Administration

523

(1)

Administration of Sphingolipids via Injection

523

(1)

Intraperitoneal Injection

523

(1)

Intravenous Injection

524

(1)

Oral Administration

524

(1)

Natural Sphingolipids

524

(3)

Synthetic Sphingolipids

527

(1)

Combinatorial Treatment

528

(2)

Combinatorial Treatment --- Oral Administration

529

(1)

Sphingolipids in Combination with Chemotherapy

529

(1)

Mechanisms of Cancer Prevention by Exogenous Sphingolipids

530

(1)

Future Directions of Sphingolipids in Cancer Prevention and Treatment

531

(10)

Acknowledgments

532

(1)

References

533

(8)

PART IX Dietary Cancer Risk Factors

Obesity as a Cancer Risk Factor: Epidemiology

541

(24)

Yang Mao

Sai Yi Pan

Anne-Marie Ugnat

Introduction

541

(1)

Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity

542

(1)

Health and Economic Impact of Obesity

543

(1)

Obesity and Cancer

543

(8)

Colorectal Cancer

544

(1)

Breast Cancer

544

(1)

Premenopausal Breast Cancer

545

(1)

Postmenopausal Breast Cancer

545

(1)

Stage of Breast Cancer at Diagnosis

546

(1)

Breast Cancer Prognosis

546

(1)

Endometrial Cancer

547

(1)

Kidney Cancer

547

(1)

Prostate Cancer

548

(1)

Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia

548

(1)

Ovarian Cancer

549

(1)

Pancreatic Cancer

549

(1)

Lung Cancer

550

(1)

Other Cancer Sites

550

(1)

All Cancers Combined

550

(1)

Conclusion

551

(14)

References

551

(14)

Obesity as a Cancer Risk Factor: Potential Mechanisms of Action

565

(14)

Henry J. Thompson

Weiqin Jiang

Zongjian Zhu

Introduction

565

(2)

Obesity: A Misdirected Focus of Attention?

567

(1)

Revisiting a Misunderstood Paradigm and a New Working Hypothesis

567

(1)

A Specific Model for Energy Balance, Weight Gain, and Cancer Risk

568

(1)

Cellular Processes and Carcinogenesis

569

(1)

Cell Proliferation

570

(1)

Apoptosis

571

(1)

Vascularization

571

(1)

Candidate Chemical Mediators

572

(2)

Adrenal Cortical Steroids

572

(1)

Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factors

573

(1)

Summary

574

(5)

Acknowledgments

574

(1)

References

575

(4)

Alcohol and Cancer: Cellular Mechanisms of Action

579

(18)

Xiang-Dong Wang

Hiroko Inoue-Fruehauf

Introduction

579

(1)

Multiple Mechanisms Involved in Alcohol-Associated Carcinogenesis

580

(10)

Increased Generation of Acetaldehyde

580

(2)

Induction of Cytochrome P4502E1 and Activation of Chemical Procarcinogens

582

(2)

Generation of Reactive Free Radicals That Cause DNA Damage

584

(1)

Impairment of Immune Function

585

(1)

Induction of Cell Hyperproliferation That Promotes Genomic Instability

586

(1)

Deregulation of Apoptosis and Promotion of Tumorigenesis

587

(1)

Impaired Nutritional Status

588

(1)

Folate and Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate)

588

(1)

Selenium and Zinc

589

(1)

Vitamin A

589

(1)

Summary

590

(7)

Acknowledgment

590

(1)

References

590

(7)

Index

597

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Nutrition And Cancer Prevention

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials