Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease

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ISBN: 9780121931551 | 0121931552
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/13/2001

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As we enter the 21st century, a new era of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of disease emerges. Clinical nutrition involves the integration of diet, genetics, environment, and behavior promoting health and well being throughout life. Expertly edited, Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease provides overall perspective and current scientifically supported evidence through in-depth reviews, key citations, discussions, limitations, and interpretations of research findings. This comprehensive reference integrates basic principles and concepts across disciplines and areas of research and practice, while detailing how to apply this knowledge in new creative ways. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease is an essential part of the tool chest for clinical nutritionists, physicians, nurse practitioners, and dieticians in this new era of practice. This book prepares the clinical nutrition investigator or practitioner for a life-long commitment to learning.

Contributors

xiii

Preface

xvii

Acknowledgments

xix

SECTION 1 Basic Principles and Concepts

A. Examining the Relationship between Diet, Nutrition, and Disease

Dietary Assessment Methodology

Frances E. Thompson

Amy F. Subar

Introduction

(1)

Dietary Assessment Methods

(6)

Dietary Assessment in Specific Situations

(3)

Dietary Assessment in Special Populations

(2)

Selected Issues in Dietary Assessment Methods

(17)

References

(12)

Energy Requirement Methodology

Rachel K. Johnson

Debra Coward-McKenzie

Introduction

(1)

Components of Energy Expenditure

(5)

Total Energy Expenditure

(3)

Recommended Energy Intakes

(4)

References

(3)

Physical Assessment

Edward Saltzman

Kris M. Mogensen

Introduction

(1)

Components of Clinical Assessment

(1)

Anthropometric Assessment

(4)

Functional Assessment

(1)

Clinical Manifestations in Specific Disease States and Populations

(4)

Prognostic Indicators

(2)

Summary

(4)

References

(4)

Overview of Nutritional Epidemiology

Ruth E. Patterson

Introduction

(1)

Principles of Exposure Measurement in Nutritional Epidemiology

(1)

Design Studies Used in Nutritional Epidemiology

(1)

Interpretation of Cause and Effect in Nutritional Epidemiology

(2)

Obstacles to Finding Associations of Dietary Intake and Disease Risk

(3)

Future Research Directions

(2)

References

(1)

Analysis, Presentation, and Interpretation of Dietary Data

Debra Coward-McKenzie

Rachel K. Johnson

Introduction

(1)

Analysis of Dietary Data

(3)

Presentation of Data

(2)

Interpretation of Data

(3)

Conclusion

(6)

References

(6)

B. Nutrition Intervention

Current Theoretical Bases for Nutrition Intervention and Their Uses

Karen Glanz

Introduction

(1)

Importance of Understanding Influences on Dietary Behavior

(1)

What Is Theory?

(1)

Explanatory and Change Theories

(1)

Unique Features of Dietary Behavior to Consider When Using Theory

(1)

Important Theories and Their Key Constructs

(3)

Findings Regarding Applications of Theory to Nutritional Behavior

(1)

Constructs and Issues across Theories

(2)

Implications and Opportunities

(4)

References

(4)

Nutrition Intervention: Lessons from Clinical Trials

Linda G. Snetselaar

Introduction

(1)

Conceptual Models of Motivation

(1)

Theories Used in Achieving Dietary Behavior Change in Clinical Trials

(7)

Summary

103

(2)

References

103

(2)

Tools and Technique to Facilitate Eating Behavior Change

John M. Heins

Linda Delahanty

Introduction

105

(1)

The Teaching/Learning Process

105

(2)

Nutrition Education Techniques

107

(3)

Behavior Change Technique

110

(10)

Conclusions

120

(3)

References

120

(3)

Evaluation of Nutrition Interventions

Alan R. Kristal

Jessie A. Satia

Introduction

123

(1)

Overview: Types of Nutrition Intervention Program Evaluations

123

(1)

Outcomes or Endpoints Used to Assess Intervention Effectiveness

124

(1)

Design of Nutrition Intervention Evaluations

125

(3)

Measurement Issues When Assessing Dietary Change and Other Intervention Outcomes

128

(2)

Dietary Assessment Instruments and Their Applicability for Intervention Evaluation

130

(5)

Conclusions

135

(4)

References

135

(4)

Biomarkers and Biological Indicators of Change

Johanna W. Lampe

Cheryl L. Rock

Introduction

139

(1)

Biomarkers of Dietary Intake or Exposure

139

(4)

Functional Biomarkers

143

(4)

Biomarkers of Genetic Susceptibility

147

(1)

Criteria for Selecting and Using Biomarkers

148

(1)

Summary

149

(8)

References

149

(8)

C. Genetic Influences on Nutritional Health

Genetic Influences on Blood Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Jose M. Ordovas

Introduction

157

(1)

Exogenous Lipoprotein Pathway

158

(8)

Endogenous Lipoprotein Metabolism

166

(1)

Reverse Cholesterol Transport

167

(3)

Conclusion

170

(13)

References

171

(12)

Genetics of Human Obesity

Janis S. Fisler

Nancy A. Schonfeld-Warden

Introduction

183

(1)

Genetic Epidemiology of Human Obesity

183

(1)

Gene-Environment Interactions

184

(1)

The Obesity Gene Map

184

(1)

Single-Gene Obesity in Humans

185

(3)

Single-Gene Mutations Resulting in Adipose Tissue Atrophy

188

(1)

Rare Genetic Syndromes with Obesity as a Prominent Feature

188

(1)

Evidence from Linkage Studies of Obesity Phenotypes

188

(1)

Association Studies of Candidate Genes for Obesity and Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance and Hyperlipidemia

189

(3)

Clinical Implications of the Discovery of Obesity Genes

192

(7)

References

193

(6)

Genetic Influence on Cancer Risk

Jo L. Freudenheim

Introduction

199

(1)

Background

199

(1)

Mechanisms of Diet--Genetic Interactions

200

(2)

Methodologic Issues in Assessment of Diet and Gene Interactions Related to Cancer

202

(1)

Diet--Gene Interactions and Cancer

203

(2)

Future Directions

205

(4)

References

205

(4)

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Cristine M. Trahms

Introduction

209

(1)

Diagnosis

210

(1)

Treatment: Initiation and Monitoring

211

(9)

New Treatment Developments

220

(1)

Adult Treatment

221

(2)

Summary

223

(6)

References

224

(5)

D. Supplements and Food Replacements

Role of Liquid Dietary Supplements

Anne Coble Voss

Kathleen E. Mayer

Medical Foods and Nutritional Supplements

229

(1)

What Is a Medical Food/Supplements?

229

(2)

Prevalence and Economic Impact of Medical Nutrition Therapy

231

(7)

Barriers to Using Medical Nutritional Supplements

238

(1)

Summary

238

(7)

References

238

(7)

Composite Foods and Formulas, Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition

Laura Matarese

Introduction

245

(1)

Enternal Nutrition

245

(5)

Parenteral Nutrition

250

(6)

Conclusion

256

(5)

References

256

(5)

Herbs and Botanical Supplements: Principles and Concepts

Cynthia Thomson

Robert B. Lutz

Introduction: History of Botanical Medicine

261

(1)

Use of Herbs and Botanicals

261

(2)

Evidence for Safety and Efficacy

263

(5)

Adverse Effects of Herbs and Botanicals

268

(1)

Regulation of Botanical and Herbal Medicinals

268

(1)

Recommendations for Clinical Care

269

(2)

Summary

271

(8)

References

272

(7)

SECTION II Disease-Specific Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

A. Cardiovascular Disease

Dietary Macronutrients and Cardiovascular Risk

Penny Kris-Etherton

Kari Hecker

Denise Shaffer Taylor

Guixiang Zhao

Stacie Coval

Amy Binkoski

Introduction

279

(1)

Dietary Fat

279

(3)

Dietary Carbohydrate

282

(2)

Dietary Protein

284

(2)

Conclusion

286

(5)

References

286

(5)

Other Dietary Components and Cardiovascular Risk

Linda Van Horn

Sujata Archer

Kimberly Thedford

Amy Baltes

Introduction

291

(1)

Dietary Fiber and Cardiovascular Risk

291

(2)

Homocysteine and Cardiovascular Disease

293

(1)

Sony and Cardiovascular Disease

294

(1)

Phytochemicals: Proposed Association with Cardiovascular Disease

295

(3)

Conclusion

298

(5)

References

298

(5)

Nutrition, Diet, and Hypertension

Marji McCullough

Pao-Hwa Lin

Introduction

303

(2)

Individual Nutrients and Blood Pressure

305

(6)

Other Dietary and Lifestyle Modifications

311

(1)

Dietary Patterns

312

(2)

Summary

314

(11)

Appendixes

316

(2)

References

318

(7)

Nutrition and Congestive Heart Failure

Suzanne Lutton

Nancy Anzlovar

Introduction

325

(1)

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

325

(1)

Standard Medical Care for Heart Failure

326

(1)

Restrictions in Sodium

326

(2)

Restrictions in Fluid Intake

328

(1)

Recommendations Regarding Fat, Fiber and Cholesterol

328

(1)

Other Dietary Recommendations

328

(1)

Special Considerations

329

(2)

Summary

331

(6)

References

331

(6)

B. Cancer Prevention and Therapy

Nutrition and Breast Cancer

Cheryl L. Rock

Wendy Demark-Wahnefried

Introduction

337

(1)

Nutritional Factors in the Etiology of Breast Cancer

338

(7)

Nutritional Issues Following the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

345

(4)

Summary and Conclusions

349

(8)

References

350

(7)

Nutrition and Colon Cancer

Martha L. Slattery

Bette J. Caan

Introduction

357

(1)

Model 1: Bile Acids, Fat/Fiber, and Meats/Vegetables

357

(5)

Model 2: Cooked Foods

362

(1)

Model 3: Insulin Resistance

362

(1)

Model 4: DNA Methylation

363

(1)

Model 5: Cell Growth Regulators

363

(1)

Food Intake Relationships

364

(2)

Prevention of Colon Cancer

366

(7)

References

366

(7)

Nutrition and Prostate Cancer

Laurence N. Kolonel

Introduction

373

(1)

Descriptive Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

373

(1)

Studies of Diet in Relation to Prostate Cancer

374

(6)

Genetics and Gene--Environment Interactions

380

(1)

Dietary Intervention Trials

380

(1)

Conclusions and Implications for Prevention and Treatment

380

(7)

References

381

(6)

Nutrition and Lung Cancer

Susan T. Mayne

Introduction

387

(1)

Dietary Constituents and Primary Prevention of Lung Cancer

387

(6)

Dietary Constituents and Prevention of Second Lung Cancer

393

(1)

Conclusions and Recommendations

393

(4)

References

394

(3)

Nutrition and the Patient with Cancer

Barbara Eldridge

Cheryl L. Rock

Paula Davis McCallum

Introduction

397

(1)

Rationale and Importance of Optimal Nutrition

397

(1)

Cancer Cachexia

398

(1)

Basic Nutrition Concepts for Managing Patients with Cancer

399

(2)

Nutrition Issues throughout the Continum of Care

401

(7)

Special Situations

408

(2)

Summary and Conclusions

410

(5)

References

410

(5)

C. Diabetes Mellitus

Obesity and the Risk for Diabetes

Rejeanne Gougeon

Introduction

415

(1)

Definitions and Classifications of Obesity and Diabetes

415

(2)

Why Are the Obese at Risk?

417

(5)

Conclusion

422

(7)

References

422

(7)

Nutrition Management for Type I Diabetes

Ann Albright

Introduction

429

(1)

Definition and Burden of Type I Diabetes

429

(1)

Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy

430

(3)

Insulin Regimens

433

(5)

Conclusion

438

(3)

References

438

(3)

Nutritional Management for Type 2 Diabetes

Ann M. Coulston

Introduction

441

(1)

Energy Intake and Body Weight Management

442

(1)

Macronutrient Intake

442

(4)

Trace Mineral Requirements

446

(1)

Conclusion

447

(6)

References

448

(5)

Nutritional Management for Gestational Diabetes

Lynne Lyons

Diane Reader

Introduction

453

(1)

Screening and Diagnosis

453

(1)

Risks and Complications

454

(1)

Treatment and Monitoring

454

(7)

Postpartum Recommendations and Considerations

461

(1)

Conclusion

461

(4)

References

461

(4)

D. Obesity

Obesity: Overview of Treatments and Interventions

Helen M. Seagle

Holly Wyatt

James O. Hill

Introduction

465

(1)

Assessment of Overweight and Obesity

465

(3)

Lifestyle Modification

468

(3)

Pharamaceutical Intervention

471

(3)

Surgical Treatment

474

(1)

Special Issues in the Treatment of Pediatric Obesity

475

(1)

Acute Weight Loss versus Maintaining Long-Term Weight Loss

476

(1)

The Future of Weight Management

477

(4)

References

477

(4)

Obesity: Role of Physical Activity

Marcia L. Stefanick

Introduction

481

(1)

Relationship of Physical Activity to the Prevalence of Obesity in Populations

481

(1)

Physical Activity and Determinants and Etiology of Obesity

482

(1)

Role of Physical Activity in Treatment (Weight Loss) of Overweight and Obesity: Evidence From Randomized controlled Trials

483

(10)

Role of Physical Activity in Preventing and Treating Obesity-Related Comorbidities

493

(1)

Conclusions

494

(5)

References

494

(5)

Macronutrient Intake and the Control of Body Weight

David A. Levitsky

Introduction

499

(1)

Fat Chance

499

(1)

Establishing Causal Links

499

(2)

Is It Fat or Energy Density?

501

(1)

Are Carbohydrates the Culprit Responsible for Overweight?

502

(1)

Energy Compensation for Fat and Sugar Substitutes

503

(3)

Protein Paradox

506

(2)

Summary and Implications of the Research on Macrontrients and Intake

508

(9)

References

509

(8)

Behavioral Risk Factors for Obesity: Diet and Physical Activity

Nancy E. Sherwood

Mary Story

Dianne Neumark-Sztainer

Introduction

517

(1)

Physical Activity

518

(4)

Dietary Factors

522

(7)

Summary and Public Health Recommendations

529

(1)

Conclusion

530

(9)

References

532

(7)

Role of Taste and Appetite in Body Weight Regulation

Adam Drewnowski

Victoria Warren-Mears

Introduction

539

(1)

Genetics and Body Weight

539

(1)

Taste Factors and Food Choices

540

(1)

Hunger, Appetite, and Satiety

541

(1)

Energy Density of Foods

542

(1)

Appetite for Energy

543

(6)

References

543

(6)

E. Gastrointestinal Diseases

Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Common Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Lawrence J. Cheskin

Debra L. Miller

Introduction

549

(1)

Excessive Gas

549

(3)

Heartburn and Gastroesophagel Reflux Disease

552

(1)

Diarrhea

553

(3)

Constipation

556

(1)

Nausea and Vomiting

557

(3)

Conclusion

560

(3)

References

560

(3)

Nutrient Considerations in Lactose Intolerance

Dennis Saviano

Steve Hertzler

Karry A. Jackson

Fabrizis L. Suarez

Introduction

563

(1)

Lactose in the Diet

563

(1)

Digestion of Lactose

564

(1)

Loss of Lactase Activity

564

(1)

Diagnosis of Lactose Maldigestion

564

(2)

Lactose Maldigestion and Intolerance Symptoms

566

(1)

Lactose Digestion, Calcium, and Osteoporosis

567

(1)

Dietary Management for Lactose Maldigestion

567

(4)

Gene Theraphy for Lactose Intolerance

571

(1)

Summary

572

(5)

References

572

(5)

Nutrient Considerations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Short Bowel Syndrome

Peter L. Beyer

Introduction

577

(1)

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

577

(12)

Short Bowel Syndrome

589

(6)

Conclusion

595

(6)

References

595

(6)

Nutrition and Liver Disease

Sarah H. Rigby

Kathleen B. Schwarz

Introduction

601

(1)

Pathogenesis of Malnutrition

601

(1)

Major Liver Diseases

602

(5)

Nutritional Management of Liver Diseases

607

(2)

Preparation for Liver Transplant

609

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

609

(8)

References

609

(8)

F. Other Major Diseases

Nutrition and Renal Disease

D. Jordi Goldstein

Beth McQuiston

Introduction

617

(1)

Chronic Renal Failure

617

(2)

Nutrition for the Patient Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy

619

(9)

Nutritional Requirement of the Post-Transplant Patient

628

(1)

Conclusion

629

(8)

References

629

(8)

Nutritional Management of Parkinson's Disease and Other Conditions Like Alzheimer's Disease

Christy Tangney

Introduction

637

(1)

Nutritional Factors in Relation to Cognitive Function

637

(4)

Nutritional Factors in Relation to Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease

641

(3)

Specific Nutritional Trials in Cognitive, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases

644

(1)

Nutritional Management Issues in Neurocognitive Disorders

645

(3)

Summary

648

(5)

References

648

(5)

Osteoporosis

Robert Heaney

Introduction

653

(1)

Nutrition in the Osteoporotic Fracture Context

653

(2)

Problems in the Investigation of Nutritional Effects on Bones

655

(2)

The Notion of Nutrient Requirement

657

(1)

The Nutural Intake of Calcium and Vitamin D

658

(1)

Calcium

659

(13)

Vitamin D

672

(2)

Vitamin K

674

(1)

Other Essential Nutrients

675

(2)

Conclusion

677

(8)

References

677

(8)

Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder

Cheryl L. Rock

Walter H. Kaye

Introduction

685

(1)

Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria

685

(2)

Etiology

687

(1)

Anorexia Nervosa

688

(4)

Bulimia Nervosa

692

(2)

Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified

694

(1)

Outcome

695

(1)

Prevention of Eating Disorders

696

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

696

(5)

References

696

(5)

Nutrition and Food Allergy

Abba I. Terr

Introduction

701

(1)

Definitions

701

(1)

The Immune Response and Allergy

701

(3)

Prevalence of Food Allergy

704

(1)

Food Allergens

704

(1)

Clinical Manifestations of Food Allergy

705

(3)

Nonallergic Immunologic Diseases

708

(1)

Nonimmunologic Reactions to Foods

709

(1)

Conditions with No Proven Relationship to Foods

709

(1)

Diagnosis of Food Allergy

709

(2)

Differential Diagnosis

711

(1)

Treatment

711

(1)

Prognosis of Food Allergy

711

(1)

Prevention of Food Allergy

711

(1)

Food Additives

712

(1)

Genetically Engineered Foods

712

(3)

References

713

(2)

Nutrition and Cystic Fibrosis

Philip M. Farrell

Hui-Chuan Lai

Introduction

715

(1)

Overview of Nutritional Problems in Cystic Fibrosis

716

(2)

Prevalence of Malnutrition

718

(1)

Nutritional Assessment and Intervention

719

(5)

Conclusions

724

(5)

References

725

(4)

Osteomalacia

Robert Marcus

Introduction

729

(1)

Mineralization

729

(1)

Osteomalacic Bone

730

(2)

Causes of Osteomalacia

732

(6)

Treatment of Osteomalacia

738

(3)

References

738

(3)

Nutrition and Immunodeficiency Syndromes

Jul Gerrior

Christine Wanke

Introduction

741

(1)

HIV-Associated Weight Loss

741

(1)

HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome

742

(1)

Causes of Weight Loss in HIV/AIDS

742

(2)

Hormonal Imbalances

744

(1)

Nutritional Assessment

744

(3)

Nutritional Recommendations

747

(1)

Nutritional Counseling

748

(1)

Summary

748

(5)

References

748

(5)

G. Overall Disease Prevention

Nutrition Guidelines to Maintain Health

Suzanne P. Murphy

Introduction

753

(1)

Guidelines for Nutrient Adequacy and Safety

753

(7)

Guidelines for Healthy Food Choices

760

(7)

Beyond Food and Nutrient Guidelines: Physical Activity Guidelines

767

(2)

Summary

769

(4)

References

769

(4)

Epilogue

773

(2)

Janet King

Index

775

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Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease

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Table of Contents

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